Author: Dr. Sruthi Nair
Abstract: Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) represent the backbone of Industry 4.0, enabling seamless integration between the physical world of manufacturing and its digital twin. These systems combine embedded sensors, intelligent control units, and networked communication to form a unified framework capable of self-monitoring, autonomous decision-making, and real-time adaptation. This critical review paper investigates the role of CPS in transforming conventional manufacturing into smart, connected, and context-aware environments. It outlines core technologies, explores use cases across key sectors, and analyzes systemic challenges and strategic opportunities. The study also critiques existing CPS architectures and highlights how integration with AI, IoT, and cloud computing strengthens operational agility. Concluding with a vision for Industry 5.0, this review offers insights into how CPS is reshaping the industrial future by blurring boundaries between the physical and digital domains.
Keywords: Cyber-Physical Systems, Industry 4.0, Digital Twin, Smart Manufacturing, Real-Time Control
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