Biopharmaceutical Considerations in Oral Drug Formulation: Enhancing Solubility and Permeability

Abstract

Oral drug delivery remains the most preferred and convenient route of administration. However, challenges such as poor solubility, low permeability, and enzymatic degradation limit therapeutic efficacy. This paper explores biopharmaceutical considerations in oral drug formulation, focusing on solubility enhancement, permeability optimization, and stability improvement. Strategies such as prodrug design, lipid-based formulations, and solid dispersions are critically reviewed. Additionally, in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods are discussed to assess bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Emphasis is placed on integrating formulation strategies with biopharmaceutical classification system (bcs) frameworks to predict drug absorption and therapeutic performance. The paper also highlights regulatory and quality aspects essential for successful formulation development.

Keywords: oral drug delivery, solubility enhancement, permeability, biopharmaceutical classification, formulation strategies