Journal of Remote Sensing, Environmental Science & Geotechnical Engineering

Author : Dr. S. Sreeremya

Abstract : Globally, electronics industry is the largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry. In the last couple of decades, it has played a crucial part in socio economic and technological growth of societies. The Basel convention delineates wastes as substances or objects w h i c h are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of by the provisions of national laws. This paper garners information regarding the generation of E-waste and its proper management in a global level.

Keywords : E-waste, Basel convention, Generation, Management

Authors: Bhagath Priyanand, G.Vamshi Prathap      

Abstract: Climate-resilient urban planning integrates strategies and policies that enhance the capacity of cities to adapt to and mitigate the impacts of climate change. As urban areas are increasingly vulnerable to rising temperatures, flooding, and extreme weather events, this approach focuses on building robust infrastructure, enhancing green spaces, and incorporating sustainable practices. By considering climate risks in city development, climate-resilient planning aims to ensure long-term safety, sustainability, and livability. It emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration, community engagement, and the use of technology to design adaptive systems that can withstand future climate uncertainties while promoting low-carbon and inclusive urban growth. By incorporating resilience into the core of urban planning, cities can not only protect critical infrastructure and human life but also enhance their social, economic, and environmental sustainability. In doing so, urban areas become better equipped to cope with both immediate and long-term climate challenges, ensuring their adaptability and growth in a changing global climate. Key components include green infrastructure like parks and urban forests to manage stormwater and reduce urban heat islands, adaptive building designs that can withstand extreme weather, and the use of data and predictive modeling to anticipate future risks. This approach requires collaborative efforts between policymakers, urban planners, architects, engineers, and communities to ensure that solutions are inclusive, equitable, and context-specific. Furthermore, climate-resilient urban planning promotes sustainable practices such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing renewable energy usage, and fostering circular economies.

Keywords: Climate adaptation, Sustainable infrastructure, Urban resilience, Green infrastructure, Mitigation strategies, Flood management, Heat island effect, Disaster risk reduction, Adaptive urban design, Low-carbon development.

Authors: Miss P.R. Tiwari, Dr. N.W. Ingole

Abstract: Bio fuels are being promoted as a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels as they could help to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the related climate change impact from transport. However, there are also concerns that their wider deployment could lead to unintended environmental consequences. Rising energy prices, geopolitics and concerns over the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change are increasing the demand for bio fuel production. The aim of this research is to review and analyse the latest available evidence to provide a greater clarity and understanding of the environmental impacts of different bio fuels and also discuss the impacts of bio fuels on climate change, water use, and land use, also the life cycle assessment is studied. A Survey in Bio fuel Manufacturing plants is done. Policies should promote the development of sustainable bio fuel programs that have very low inputs of fossil fuels and chemicals that rely on rainfall or abundant groundwater, and that use land with little or no economic or ecological value in alternative uses. The recent historic use of bio fuels in the context of Government policy developments will be presented.

Keywords: Biofuels, Green house gases, geopolitics, Life cycle assessment

Author: Dr.S.Sreeremya

Abstract: El Nino was first recognized by the Peruvian fishermen off the coast of Peru as the appearance of unusually warm water. The Spanish immigrants called it as the El Nino, meaning “the little boy” in the Spanish. El Nino soon came to describe irregular and intense climate changes rather than just the warming of the coastal surface waters. El nino is a climate pattern and the assessment of climate pattern in varying regions are reviewed in this paper.

Keywords: El Nino, climate, pattern, changes, warming

Authors: V. Vamsikalyan, Abhinaya Neelakan

Abstract: Windfarms, as a renewable energy source, play a crucial role in mitigating climate change and reducing dependency on fossil fuels. The integration of windfarms into the energy grid necessitates significant civil engineering efforts to ensure their efficiency, safety, and sustainability. This paper explores the various civil engineering aspects involved in the development, construction, and maintenance of windfarms. Key topics include site selection, environmental impact assessments, foundation design, turbine erection, and infrastructure development. Advanced geotechnical studies and structural analyses are essential for optimizing turbine placement and minimizing environmental disruption. The paper also examines the challenges and innovations in the construction of offshore windfarms, which present unique engineering difficulties due to their harsh marine environments. By addressing these civil engineering considerations, this research aims to enhance the reliability and effectiveness of windfarm projects, contributing to a more sustainable energy future.

Keywords: Sustainability, efficiency, site selection, geotechnical studies, offshore windforms.

  Authors: Vivek Sharma , Meena Gupta

 Abstract: Groundwater is a vital resource, particularly in arid regions where surface water is scarce. This paper explores the utilization of remote sensing technology for the assessment and management of groundwater resources in such regions. Remote sensing provides extensive spatial and temporal data, allowing for the monitoring of key indicators such as soil moisture, land surface temperature, vegetation cover, and changes in surface water bodies.

This study reviews the methodologies employed, including thermal infrared sensing, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), GRACE satellite data, and optical and multispectral sensors. It also discusses the challenges faced, such as data resolution, interpretation complexity, and environmental factors. Several case studies from regions like the Middle East, Australia, and India highlight the effectiveness of these techniques. The paper concludes with an exploration of the future scope of remote sensing in groundwater assessment, emphasizing advancements in sensor technology, integration with machine learning, and real-time monitoring capabilities.

Keywords: Groundwater Assessment, Remote Sensing, Arid Regions, Thermal Infrared Sensing, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), GRACE Satellite Data, Soil Moisture Monitoring

Authors: Priya Kaur, Varun Sharma

Abstract: Soil erosion and sediment transport are significant environmental concerns that affect land productivity, water quality, and ecosystem health. The advancement of remote sensing technologies offers a powerful approach to assess and monitor these processes on a large scale. This paper explores various remote sensing methods, including satellite imagery, LiDAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), and their application in soil erosion and sediment transport studies. The discussion covers the strengths and limitations of these technologies, challenges in data resolution, integration, and interpretation, and future directions in real-time monitoring and data fusion. The integration of remote sensing data with hydrological and climate models is also highlighted as a means to enhance the accuracy and predictive capability of soil erosion assessments.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Soil Erosion, Sediment Transport, LiDAR, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), NDVI, Data Integration

Authors: Rahul Verma, Riya Sharma

Abstract: Climate change significantly impacts coastal regions, leading to increased rates of erosion and subsequent loss of land. This paper evaluates the impact of climate change on coastal erosion through remote sensing techniques. By utilizing optical and radar remote sensing, alongside UAV technology and machine learning algorithms, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of shoreline changes over time. The integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) further enhances the understanding of erosion patterns and aids in developing effective coastal management strategies. Challenges such as data resolution, accuracy, and temporal coverage are discussed, along with future prospects for improving remote sensing applications in coastal studies.

Keywords: Coastal Erosion, Climate Change, Remote Sensing, Shoreline Monitoring, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

Authors: Komal Mehta, Amit Singh

Abstract: Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) represent a significant environmental issue in urbanized areas, characterized by higher temperatures than their rural counterparts due to human activities and altered land surfaces. This paper explores the utilization of remote sensing and geospatial techniques to assess UHIs, providing critical data for urban planning and mitigation strategies. The methodology involves the acquisition and processing of satellite images to extract land surface temperature (LST) data, which is then integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for comprehensive analysis. Despite challenges such as data resolution and atmospheric conditions, advancements in technology and integration with machine learning offer promising solutions. The findings underscore the importance of targeted cooling strategies, such as green infrastructure, and the role of policy in sustainable urban development.

Keywords: Urban Heat Islands, Remote Sensing, Geospatial Techniques, Land Surface Temperature, Geographic Information Systems, Urban Planning, Green Infrastructure, Climate Change

Authors:  K. Renuka, N. Abhinaya

Abstract:  Urban areas are increasingly vulnerable to disasters due to rapid urbanization, climate change, and socio-economic factors. This paper explores innovative engineering solutions to reduce disaster risks in urban environments. It emphasizes the integration of resilient infrastructure design, advanced materials, and smart technologies to mitigate the impact of natural and human-made disasters. Key strategies include the implementation of green infrastructure, seismic retrofitting, flood defenses, and early warning systems. Case studies from various cities highlight successful applications and the benefits of these approaches in enhancing urban resilience. The paper also discusses the role of policy frameworks, community engagement, and interdisciplinary collaboration in fostering effective disaster risk reduction strategies. By adopting a holistic and proactive approach, urban areas can better prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters, ensuring safer and more sustainable cities for the future.

Keywords:  Urban disaster risk reduction, resilient infrastructure, green infrastructure, seismic retrofitting, flood defenses, early warning systems, urban resilience, smart technologies, interdisciplinary collaboration, community engagements

Authors: Mitali Sharma, Nutan Jha, Vivek Thakur

Abstract: The integration of remote sensing technologies with ground-based monitoring techniques has emerged as a promising approach for environmental site characterization. This paper explores the synergies between remote sensing data and field measurements, such as geophysical surveys, borehole logging, and soil sampling, in assessing soil and groundwater contamination, delineating contamination plumes, and planning remediation strategies. By combining the strengths of both approaches, more comprehensive and accurate assessments of environmental hazards can be achieved. This paper reviews recent advancements in remote sensing and ground-based monitoring techniques, discusses their integration methodologies, and highlights their applications in environmental site characterization. Furthermore, challenges and future directions in this field are addressed, aiming to provide insights for researchers and practitioners involved in environmental assessment and management.

Keywords: Remote sensing, ground-based monitoring, environmental site characterization, contamination assessment, remediation planning.

Authors: Dhiraj Kapoor, Ananya Pandey

Abstract: Climate change poses significant challenges to coastal areas worldwide, impacting geotechnical stability and resilience. This paper investigates the geotechnical ramifications of climate change in coastal regions, focusing on sea-level rise, coastal erosion, and intensified extreme weather events. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and case studies, it evaluates the effects of climate change on coastal infrastructure, including buildings, roads, and ports. Furthermore, it explores adaptation and mitigation strategies essential for enhancing coastal resilience. The findings underscore the critical need for proactive measures to address geotechnical challenges in coastal areas amid climate change.

Keywords: Climate change, Coastal areas, Geotechnical perspective, Sea-level rise, Coastal erosion, Extreme weather events, Infrastructure, Adaptation, Mitigation strategies

Authors: Sujata Gupta, Preeti Bhaskar

Abstract: Soil erosion and land degradation are critical environmental issues with significant implications for agriculture, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) offer powerful tools for assessing these processes at various scales. This paper presents a comprehensive review of methodologies and techniques used in the assessment of soil erosion and land degradation utilizing remote sensing and GIS. It discusses the principles underlying these technologies, explores different approaches for mapping erosion-prone areas, quantifying soil loss rates, and identifying contributing factors to land degradation. The paper also highlights the advantages and limitations of remote sensing and GIS in soil erosion and land degradation assessment and provides insights into future research directions in this field.

Keywords: Soil erosion, Land degradation, Remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Mapping, Soil loss rates

Author: Jaideep Yadav

Abstract: Remote sensing techniques, including satellite imagery, LiDAR, and aerial photography, have revolutionized environmental monitoring by providing comprehensive and timely data on various environmental parameters. This paper delves into the applications of remote sensing in monitoring environmental changes such as deforestation, urbanization, land use/land cover changes, and natural disasters. It discusses the principles behind these techniques, their advantages, and challenges. Moreover, it highlights case studies demonstrating the effectiveness of remote sensing in environmental monitoring. The paper concludes with insights into the future prospects of remote sensing technologies in advancing environmental monitoring and management efforts.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Environmental Monitoring, Satellite Imagery, LiDAR, Aerial Photography, Deforestation, Urbanization, Land Use/Land Cover Changes, Natural Disasters

Author: Ankita Agarwal

Abstract: Geohazards pose significant threats to communities and infrastructure worldwide, necessitating effective assessment and management strategies. Remote sensing technologies have emerged as invaluable tools for identifying, mapping, and monitoring various geohazards, including landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and sinkholes. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of remote sensing in geohazard assessment and risk management. It discusses the principles behind remote sensing techniques and explores their utilization in detecting and monitoring different types of geohazards. Furthermore, the paper examines how remote sensing data can be integrated with geographical information systems (GIS) to enhance geohazard risk assessment and management. Case studies highlighting successful applications of remote sensing in geohazard analysis are presented, along with discussions on challenges and future directions in the field. Overall, this paper emphasizes the critical role of remote sensing in enhancing our understanding of geohazards and facilitating proactive measures to mitigate their impact.

Keywords: Remote sensing, Geohazards, Risk management, Landslides, Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Sinkholes, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Authors : Dr. Aayushi Sharma, Rahul Mehta

ABSTRACT : Air pollution poses one of the most severe threats to public health and environmental stability in urban and industrialized regions worldwide. While much attention has been given to artificial air filtering technologies, the natural filtering capabilities of plants have often been overlooked. Plants not only absorb carbon dioxide but also a variety of harmful pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter. This paper delves into the role of vegetation—both urban and rural—in mitigating air pollution levels through various physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Trees, shrubs, grasses, and even indoor plants exhibit varied capacities to trap airborne particulates and absorb toxic gases through their stomata and surface deposition. The efficiency of plants depends on factors such as leaf morphology, canopy structure, climatic conditions, and proximity to pollution sources. Furthermore, the paper evaluates case studies and experimental findings that support plant-based air quality improvement strategies in urban environments. With climate change intensifying pollutant concentrations in several cities, it becomes essential to integrate vegetative planning into urban infrastructure development. The abstract aims to highlight the dual benefit of plants—not just in carbon sequestration but in real-time pollution abatement—and makes a strong case for expanding green belts, rooftop gardens, and reforestation initiatives as part of future urban planning policies.

Keywords: Air pollution, Phytoremediation, Urban forestry, Green infrastructure, Pollutant absorption, Particulate matter

Aothor : Aarav Mehta

Abstract : Remote sensing is a pivotal technology in Earth observation and analysis that enables scientists and engineers to study the planet without physical contact. It encompasses a range of methodologies, including satellite and airborne imaging systems that detect and measure electromagnetic energy. From environmental monitoring to disaster response and agricultural management, the versatility of remote sensing has transformed decision-making processes in numerous domains. This paper provides an extensive overview of remote sensing, tracing its evolution, highlighting its operational mechanisms, and identifying key applications. With the advent of high-resolution sensors, machine learning integration, and real-time data availability, remote sensing is poised to revolutionize industries further. This work delves into the architecture, functioning, and utility of remote sensing platforms while evaluating emerging trends and outlining the future potential of the field.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Earth Observation, Satellite Imaging, Environmental Monitoring, GIS, Hyperspectral Imaging, Data Acquisition

Authors : Dr. Meera K. Sharma, Arjun Dev

ABSTRACT : Plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most critical environmental issues facing the planet today. While the impact of plastic waste in oceans has gained widespread attention, its effects on terrestrial ecosystems, particularly soil and freshwater bodies, are equally alarming but less understood. This paper explores the pathways through which plastic particles—ranging from macroplastics to microplastics—enter soil and water systems, interact with biota, and disrupt ecological and biochemical processes. The accumulation of plastics in soil affects aeration, water retention, microbial activity, and nutrient cycles, while in water bodies, plastic contaminants harm aquatic organisms, alter water chemistry, and contribute to bioaccumulation in the food chain. This paper also outlines the emerging research into nanoplastics and their potential toxicological impacts, providing a crucial overview of the scientific, societal, and regulatory dimensions of the problem. A special focus is placed on recent field studies, remote sensing integration, and sustainable waste management practices aimed at mitigating these threats. As we advance into the Anthropocene, understanding and addressing the impacts of plastic pollution on soil and water is essential for maintaining biodiversity, ensuring food and water security, and preserving the health of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Keywords : Plastic pollution, microplastics, soil contamination, water pollution, nanoplastics, ecosystem health, environmental monitoring.

Authors : Dr. Aarav Mishra, Ms. Riya Sen

ABSTRACT : Urban air pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century. Rapid urbanization, population growth, vehicular emissions, and industrial expansion have led to alarming concentrations of pollutants in urban atmospheres across the globe. This paper explores the multifaceted causes and profound impacts of air pollution in urban settings. It highlights the major contributing sectors, including transportation, industry, and construction, as well as lesser-known factors like waste burning and domestic emissions. Through an in-depth analysis, the paper emphasizes the detrimental effects of polluted air on public health, environmental sustainability, and economic productivity. Moreover, the paper outlines the implications for climate change and the importance of regulatory frameworks and sustainable urban planning. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue to aid policymakers, researchers, and urban planners in formulating effective mitigation strategies.

Keywords: Urban air pollution, particulate matter, vehicular emissions, health effects, mitigation, urbanization.

Authors:-Falguni Rathod, Megha Singh

Abstract:-Sustainable urban development is a global imperative in the face of rapid urbanization and environmental challenges. Geotechnical engineering plays a pivotal role in ensuring the stability and resilience of urban infrastructure. This paper explores advanced geotechnical engineering techniques that contribute to sustainable urban development, emphasizing innovation, resilience, and environmental stewardship. It discusses key concepts, case studies, and future directions in the field.

Keywords:-Geotechnical Engineering, Sustainable Urban Development, Ground Improvement Techniques, Soil Stabilization, Ground Reinforcement, Advanced Foundation Design, Geotechnical Monitoring

Authors: Dr. Arunkumar Bhat, Dr. Shaik Kabeer Ahmed, Ankitha K S

Abstract:Large amounts of waste byproducts are produced annually by the agro-industrial sector, but since they are poorly managed and their values are not understood, they pose risks to the environment, society, and the economy. Thus, using a mix design ratio of grade 40 MPa concrete (M 40), this study investigated the ash from cashew nutshell waste and substituted it with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at 35%, 50%, and 75%. To create cashew nutshell ash (CNSA), the cashew nutshell was sun-dried for 14 days before being burned in a gas furnace for 5 hours at 750 C. While investigating the workability of the fresh concrete, the CNSA's chemical and physical characteristics were looked at. Additionally, the hardened concrete's mechanical characteristics were examined. The results of the experiment showed that CNSA satisfies the criteria for usage as a pozzolanic material. Additionally, when the percentage of CNSA grew, the hardened concrete's compressive, splitting, tensile, and flexural strengths improved, reaching their peak at a 35% replacement level. The benefit of this study is that construction joints would be reduced as fresh concrete would be used for extended periods of time. Additionally, using CNSA concrete in environments with high sulfate concentration is advantageous.

Keywords- Agro-industrial waste, CNSA, Green concrete,     SCC, partial- cement replacement

Authors:- Dr. S.Sreeremya

Abstract:-  Floating farms are another alternative for small space agriculture. Integrated technologies like fertigation, herbigation are used. Flaoting farms are rich in mineral and nutrition, they have copious amount of organic matter. This paper deals with the idea to create awareness about floating farms and ways to construct floating farms.

Keywords:- Floating, Farms, Ferigation, Integrated, Herbiagation

Authors:  Shruti S. Marjive, Shraddha W. Meshram, Vidhi C. Maske, Rudraprasad T. Chatterjee, Nikunj Y. Bhelave

Abstract: Dynamic analysis of a machine foundation involves identifying loads, determining natural frequencies and mode shapes, and evaluating the foundation's response to dynamic loads using numerical simulation techniques like FEA or BEM. Results help optimize foundation design, support machine performance requirements, and prevent failure or damage. Environmental factors such as soil properties, temperature, and humidity are also considered. Regular maintenance and monitoring of the foundation system can prevent costly repairs or replacements in the future. The analysis should comply with relevant codes and standards to ensure safety and reliability. Overall, a dynamic analysis is critical for the design and maintenance of machine foundations to prevent excessive vibrations, deformations, or failures that can impact machine performance and longevity.

Keywords:  GTS NX MIDAS, Dynamic analysis, Material properties

Authors:  Piyush V. Kolhe, Anant I. Dhatrak

Abstract: The black cotton soil seems to be most problematic when it comes in contact with water as it exerts high swelling pressure on foundation systems. The increase in swelling pressure can severely damage the structure if not properly controlled. The various methods available for reducing the swelling characteristics of expansive soil are time consuming as well as uneconomical. The proposed study focused on calculating the swelling pressure of expansive soil by performing series of laboratory swell pressure test on locally available black cotton soil treated with bio-enzyme (DZ-2X), lime and micro – silica. The soil samples were prepared at respective optimum water content and cured for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively. The results of soil treated with DZ-2X, lime and micro-silica was compared with untreated soil. The maximum percentage reduction in swelling pressure of expansive soil for 28 days of curing period treated with different combination such as DZ-2X, DZ-2X along with lime, DZ-2X along with micro – silica and DZ-2X along with lime and micro – silica was 37.45 %, 44.54 %, 24.77 % and 55.64 % respectively. It was found that bio-enzyme stabilized soil can effectively reduce swelling pressure of expansive soil when treated alone and along with lime and micro-silica.

Keywords:  Swelling Pressure, Expansive Soil, DZ-2X, Lime, Micro- Silica.

Authors : Radha Ajay Powar,  Akansha Dhanaji Chougule,  Pratiksha Sharad Shinde, Priyanka Prashant Deshpande, Samiksha Sudhir Kumbhar, Suraj Prakash Nikam

Abstract: This paper reviews the utilization of plastic waste for making tiles and other construction materials to reduce disposal problems due to increasing  plastic and make economic and environment efficient construction material. Modern life cannot be imagined without plastic. Waste generated by plastic is very huge and disposal takes more than 300 years of time. The use of plastic waste in construction materials is one of new way to deal with disposal of plastic. India produces 3.4 million tons of plastic waste in a year, only 30 per cent of it is recycled. The paper is focusing on making 100% HDPE tiles this helps to reduce plastic pollution and making environment efficient tiles. So the study provides green building material through recycling waste plastic for sustainable development. Some additional work in this project can be done which will help environment with generation of energy which is known as piezoelectric effect. The piezoelectric effect is ability of certain material to generate an electric charge in response to applied mechanical stresses. So by use of footstep, waste energy for generation of electric energy with the help of piezoelectric sensors with waste plastic tile will help to reduce pollution and reduce energy demand and final product will be piezoelectric plastic tiles.

Keywords: Plastic, Plastic Waste, HDPE, Environment Efficient, Recycle, Sustainable, Electricity Generation, Energy Harvesting

Author Name:- Naina Rastogi

Abstract:- Geo Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) have become essential tools for environmental systems and management. These technologies provide a wealth of spatial data that can be analyzed and visualized to support environmental decision-making processes. This paper aims to provide an overview of GIS and RS and their applications in environmental systems and management. It discusses the importance of GIS and RS in environmental management, their basic principles and capabilities, and some of the applications of these technologies in environmental systems and management.

Keywords:- Geospatial Technologies, GIS, Remote Sensing, Environmental Management, Spatial Analysis, Data Integration, Visualization

Authors Name:- Lokesh J K, Vikas Singh Rajput

Abstract:- The increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, has led to global climate change. Remote sensing has become an essential tool for monitoring greenhouse gases and their sources and sinks on a global scale. This paper presents a review of the current state of remote sensing of greenhouse gases and their sources and sinks. The paper focuses on carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are the three most significant greenhouse gases responsible for climate change. The paper describes the remote sensing techniques used to measure these gases and their sources and sinks and the challenges faced by these techniques. The paper also discusses the future prospects of remote sensing in monitoring greenhouse gases and their sources and sinks.

Keywords:- Remote sensing, greenhouse gases, sources, sinks, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, satellite, ground-based, airborne, accuracy

Authors Name:- Kiran Shah, Arti Gupta

Abstract:- This paper explores the relationship between changing consumer tastes and the adoption of green computing as a response to climate change. It examines the reasons why consumer preferences are shifting towards environmentally sustainable products and services and how companies are responding to these changes. The paper also discusses the concept of green computing, including strategies for reducing energy consumption and e-waste. Finally, it concludes by highlighting the importance of green computing in mitigating the environmental impact of computing technology and contributing to the fight against climate change.

Keywords:- Changing consumer tastes, green computing, climate change, energy efficiency, e-waste, renewable energy.

Authors Name:- Aniket Sharma, Ritu Negi

Abstract:- Greenhouse gases (GHGs) play a significant role in global warming, climate change, and its impact on the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and monitor the sources and sinks of these gases to develop effective mitigation strategies. Remote sensing techniques have proved to be useful in detecting and mapping GHG sources and sinks globally. This review provides an overview of the various remote sensing techniques used to detect GHGs, their applications, and the challenges involved in the detection and mapping of GHGs. The review highlights the applications of remote sensing techniques for agriculture, forestry, and other land use sectors. Finally, the review concludes with the current state of remote sensing of GHGs and future prospects.

Keywords:- Greenhouse gases, remote sensing, sources, sinks, agriculture, forestry, land use, climate change.

Authors: S. I. Shaikh, D. B. Awachat, Dr. A. I. Dhatrak, S. W. Thakare

Abstract: As a result of the machine's moving parts, the machine foundations are constantly subjected to dynamic loads. Because of the repetitive nature of dynamic load leads to increase in foundation soil settlement. The excessive soil settlement can be reduced by lowering the cyclic stresses caused by machine vibrations. The increasing the stiffness of the soil is one method of dealing with cyclic stresses. Soil reinforcement with geosynthetics is one of several techniques for increasing the stiffness of the soil. This review paper discusses the dynamic response of a machine foundation resting on reinforced soil bed. To reduce peak vertical displacement and resonant frequency by using soil reinforcement with geosynthetic material.

Keywords:  Dynamic Force, Geocell, Infill Material, Machine Foundation

Authors : Dr. Reema Singh, Aditya Khurana

ABSTRACT : Rainwater harvesting is increasingly recognized as a viable solution to address water scarcity and promote sustainable water use in both urban and rural environments. The concept, which involves capturing, storing, and utilizing rainwater for various uses, dates back to ancient civilizations. Today, with mounting pressure on freshwater resources and the adverse impacts of climate change, rainwater harvesting has evolved into a necessity rather than a choice. This paper explores a variety of traditional and modern rainwater harvesting techniques suitable for different geographical settings, with an emphasis on cost-effectiveness, scalability, and sustainability. The benefits of rainwater harvesting include groundwater recharge, flood mitigation, reduced dependency on conventional sources, and improved water quality. Through a comprehensive overview of the techniques—such as rooftop collection, percolation pits, underground storage tanks, and urban green infrastructure—this study highlights the practical implications and challenges associated with their implementation. Furthermore, policy frameworks, community involvement, and innovative engineering approaches are discussed as essential elements in promoting large-scale adoption. The goal of this paper is to offer a consolidated knowledge base that serves academic, environmental, and engineering interests in promoting rainwater harvesting for sustainable development.

KEYWORDS : Rainwater Harvesting, Sustainable Water Use, Groundwater Recharge, Water Management, Rooftop Collection, Percolation, Water Conservation.

Authors:- Mukul Tyagi, Arvind Yadav, Pankaj Singh

Abstract:- Geo Informatics is an interdisciplinary field that deals with spatial information. Geo Informatics is related to Geo Information Science, Geo Information Systems, Remote Sensing, and other fields. In Geo Informatics, which is a blend of Geo Science and Information Science, and in spatial data management, various IT and computing tools such as Database Technology, Network Technology, Web Technology, Multimedia Technology, and so on are employed. Remote sensing is a component of Geo Information Science that is dedicated to gathering information on various types of objects without physical content and is applicable in various areas of geography, land surveying, and various types of geo-related areas such as hydrology, ecology, meteorology, oceanography, and geology, among others. Because of their interdependence and relevance, remote sensing is often known as GIS & RS. Geo Informatics, or Geo Information Science, refers to IT applications in geography and related fields. Similarly, Environmental Informatics or Environmental Information Science refers to the applications and exploitation of IT, Information Science, and computing in the environment and related fields. GIS and remote sensing applications in the environment and ecological regions are quickly expanding, and they comprise a wide range of existing and emerging applications. This paper discusses the use of GIS and RS in environmental applications and management.

Keywords:- Geo Informatics, Remote Sensing, GIS in Environment, Environmental Informatics, Environmental Management, Sustainable Development.

Authors:- Dr. Tarannum Siddiqui, Dr. Chanduji P. Thakor

Abstract:- As we enter a new century and millennium, environmental educators must come up with new knowledge and techniques that address the demands of a constantly evolving social and technological landscape, while ensuring that environmental education stays relevant to the needs and interests of the community. These challenges to environmental education require that we re-examine the way we do research and train environmental professionals and educators, as well as the way we communicate environmental information to the general public. Great strides have already been made in strengthening environmental education for the general public. This is particularly true in terms of defining environmental education and its objectives (Ruskey and Wilkie 1994). In the past few years, the North American Association for Environmental Educators has spearheaded an effort to develop mechanisms both to strengthen standards for environmental education and to make it possible to achieve them. A solid base for environmental education already exists. In the United States, there are many leaders in the field, and these individuals have had an extraordinary impact on environmental education. As scientists and educators, we have the opportunity and the responsibility to utilize and expand this resource base. Environmental education is concerned with those aspects of human behavior that are more directly related to man’s interaction with the biophysical environment and his ability to understand this interaction. One of the most glaring problems, which the world faces today, is environmental pollution. Man has exploited nature excessively at the cost of the environment. There is an immediate need to make people aware of environmental degradation. Education and public participation may change and improve the quality of the environment.

Keywords:- Environmental Education, Sustainable Development, Formal & Non-Formal Education, Level of Environmental Education.

Authors:- Divya V. Shejao, Dr. P. A. Kadu

Abstract:- Solid Waste Management is a worldwide phenomenon and a big challenge all over the world for human beings. The problem of solid waste management (SWM) is also prevailing in the Wani city. Therefore the present study is undertaken to find out the problems and prospects of Municipal Solid Waste in Wani city. The detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste in wani city. The data concerning to SWM is obtained from authentic record of municipal council, interacting with people and through questionnaire and individual field visits. This study reveals the present system of MSWM in Wani city. There is improved situation in management post SWM rules 2016,segregation at source though have long way to go, storage and secondary segregation at municipal designated plant has been successfully carried out. The composting units have been created at the lalguda, bhalar road plant which reduces the burden of landills and dumping sites.

Keywords:- Municipal Solid waste, Wani Municipal Council, Waste Sources, Dumping Sites.

Authors:- Tejas Pradip Korde, Dr. S.B. Somani, Dr. Prashant. A. Kadu

Abstract:- Rapid growth of industries in India and excess amount of vehicular traffic in metro cities are main key factor to increased noise pollution in the region and it has severe impact on health of humans and animals, it has impact on physical health, mental health and on children’s also, factors influencing generation of road traffic noise due to engine noise, aerodynamics and breaking elements. The Main objective of this paper is to present the brief literature about the road traffic noise in Indian metro city Pune. The paper discusses literature review, sources of noise pollution, effect of noise pollution, noise standards in India, traffic noise control measures and noise indicators related to vehicular traffic noise. The noise as of late has risen as one of the essential poisons of condition. Noise has been a noteworthy supporter of irritation, which is substantiated by the aftereffect of ceaseless observing commotion at proportionate levels of public interest, training, administration, auxiliary outlining assumes a noteworthy part in noise administration. Noise represents an important health problem that can lead to hearing loss, sleep disruption, cardiovascular disease, reduce productivity, negative social behavior, annoyance reactions, absenteeism etc. Noise, adversely affects general health and well- being in the same way as does chronic stress. The aim of Enlighted government control should be to protect citizens from the adverse effects of noise pollution.

Keywords:- Noise Pollution in Indian metro city Pune, Road Traffic Noise, Noise Indicator.

Authors:- Abhishek Gujjar, Rohtas Rathi, Dr. Abhimanyu Choudhary

Abstract:- Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based technology that is widely used to address engineering challenges involving geographical data. Despite its expanding popularity, GIS has yet to fulfil its full potential in the building business. This paper presents a synopsis of recent work on spatial uses of GIS technology in the construction sector. GIS technologies have the capacity to tackle space-related construction sector challenges such as sophisticated visualisation, information integration, route planning, E- commerce, cost calculation, and so on. This study develops and discusses a GIS-based technique for dealing with time and space challenges in construction project scheduling. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based technology that is widely used to address engineering challenges involving geographical data. Despite its expanding popularity, GIS has yet to fulfil its full potential in the building business. This paper presents a synopsis of recent work on spatial uses of GIS technology in the construction sector. GIS technologies have the capacity to tackle space-related construction sector challenges such as sophisticated visualisation, information integration, route planning, E- commerce, cost calculation, and so on. This study develops and discusses a GIS-based technique for dealing with time and space challenges in construction project scheduling.

Keywords:- Construction Industry Scheduling, Project Management, Construction, GIS in construction

Authors:- Raksha K S, Thanushree Hegde

Abstract:- India is an agricultural nation where agriculture supports roughly 70% of the people. Farmers can choose from a vast variety of fruits and vegetable crops. It takes a lot of technical skill to grow these crops for the best yield and production, though. With the use of technology, it can be enhanced. Using an automatic watering system will improve irrigation management. a system that enables farmers to monitor their fields from anywhere in the world, including their homes. For the agricultural fields, it suggests a system of automatic watering. One of the essential functions in human existence today is automation. Along with comfort, it also improves productivity, saves time, and uses less energy. Automation and control equipment are now used in industry, but they are costly and inappropriate for use on farms. Therefore, we have created a smart irrigation system that is affordable and can be used by Indian farmers.

Keywords:- Smart farming, Arduino, Soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, Internet of things.

Authors:- Shalini Shekar, Roshan Rai

Abstract:- Any technique that will lessen the effects of climate change is referred to as a climate adaption strategy. In order to influence anticipated climatic changes, adaptation entails reducing risk from climate change. The goal of this study is to offer adaptation strategy for implementing district-level, sustainable responses to climate change. Additionally, mitigation is typically accomplished at the national and state levels. The effects of climate change differ depending on the local physiographic. The current analysis identifies the physiographic regions that are both severely and less affected. Solutions for implementing adaption policies and plans should be provided by the inquiry. The functions that villages and grama panchayats play in society's adaptation to climate change should be included in a district-level plan. Whether we take action or not, humans will adapt to the effects of climate change. We can decide to adapt in a way that safeguards our most priceless resources by taking action. We run the risk of losing or harming some of our most precious resources if we do nothing. To stop climate change, mitigation involves lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Even if significant mitigating efforts are quickly put in place, adaptation to the effects, such as higher average temperatures and greater rainfall unpredictability, will be necessary. According to this investigation, while adjusting to the current climate's variability may help us prepare to some extent for future climate change, doing so will not be enough on its own.

Keywords:- Words: Physiographic regions, temperature, and rainfall.

Authors:- Sachin Dharpal, Sharad Ramchandra Makode

Abstract:- The environment is continuously affected by constant addition of pollution waste material and other hazardous product. It is essential that environment should be protected and maintains to make safe for living. Use of smart toilet or green toilet should help the cause of achieving the goal of environment safety. Indian Railways (IR) is one of the world's largest Rail networks, spreading over 68,400 routes Km. Indian Railways is the lifeline of the country carrying nearly 23 million passengers every day making it the largest passenger carrying system in the world. Direct discharge on track through toilets was creating environmental issue and problem in working to workmen.  A Bio-Toilet is a complete waste management solution which reduces solid human waste to Bio-gas and water, with the help of bacterial Inoculums. Biological decomposition of Human waste is done in bio-digester tanks with the help of anaerobic bacteria which is developed at bacteria generation plant. Bio-Toilets are easy to install cost effective and offer environmental friendly solution for sustainable human excreta management. Also, Bio- Toilet is an innovative technology for disposal of solid human waste in an eco-friendly, economical and hygienic manner.

Keywords:- Bio-Toilet, Bacterial Inoculums, Bio-digester, Indian Railways.

Authors:- Divya V. Shejao¹, Dr. P.A. Kadu²

Abstract:- Solid Waste Management is a worldwide phenomenon and a big challenge all over the world for human beings. The problem of solid waste management (SWM) is also prevailing in the Wani city. Therefore the present study is undertaken to find out the problems and prospects of Municipal Solid Waste in Wani city. The detailed investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of Municipal Solid Waste in wani city. The data concerning to SWM is obtained from authentic record of municipal council, interacting with people and through questionnaire and individual field visits. This study reveals the present system of MSWM in Wani city. There is improved situation in management post SWM rules 2016,segregation at source though have long way to go, storage and secondary segregation at municipal designated plant has been successfully carried out. The composting units have been created at the Bhalar road plant which reduces the burden of landills and dumping sites.    

Keywords:- Municipal Solid waste, Wani Municipal Council, Waste Sources, Dumping Sites

Authors: A. B. Jadhav, P. S. Chougule, Aditya Chandrakant Kurde, Rohit Arun Murchitte, Ketan Shantinath Aurwade, Rohan Nitin Bavdekar

Abstract: Colleges, as knowledge institutions, play an important and strategic role on maximizing the social and economic benefits of new ideas. This paper aims to analyze the main sustainable practices of a Green Campus and subsequently points out the guidelines to implement a sustainable environmental management in the Sharad Institute of Technology Polytechnic, Yadrav, India, involving the Campus infrastructure. The Institute of Sharad Polytechnic has been developing sustainability practices to make it an example of Green Campus in India.

Green campus initiatives are becoming integral part of modern day's. However, their management remains slow, cumbersome and limited scope process. Review of related literature suggests that the effective and efficient management of these initiatives require incorporation of project management (PM) principles and thus the need to establish a framework to manage green campus initiatives as projects. Hence the existence of sub-processes likes initiation, continuous coordination, control and ending of green projects.

Keywords: Green Campus Development, Green projects, Photovoltaic (PV) technology 

Authors: Shaik Kabeer Ahmed, Roston Mathias

Abstract: This paper presents the procedure of determination and plotting of site-specific spectra. After conducting the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for the region where the site is located, seismic hazard curve is plotted. Hazard de-aggregation is used to identify closer and distant seismic events, which are simulated by the scaled ground motion histories. Based on the soil properties at the site spectra is obtained.

Keywords: Seismic Hazard Analysis, De-aggregation, Site spectra

Authors: Prasanna Gangannavar, Bhojaraja B.E.

Abstract: The primary purpose of this research is to learn more about the properties of soil using Vis-NIR spectroscopy. The spectral signature of obtained soil samples is captured using the ASD FieldSpec4 Spectroradiometer equipment. In the Vis-NIR wavelength range, utilized Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) method was used to estimate the properties present in the samples of soil. Root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficients of determination were used to evaluate the results (R2).

Keywords: Iron oxide, Plsr, Spectroradiometer, Soil 

Authors: Arafat Chowdhury, MD. Musfikuzzaman, MD. Rahat Hasan Talukdar, Shafiqul Islam

Abstract: The construction industry is one of the most promising industries, with the ability to have a substantial impact on the economy of any nation. This is an investment-driven sector, with the government showing a keen interest in megastructure projects particularly. Due to the long-term construction period and the advancement of construction technology, this construction sector has a crucial impact on our environment. The main types of pollution that need to be aware of are our air, water, and noise. Precautionary procedures should be put in place to handle hazardous waste, which may have a direct impact on on-site workers and others who live in the immediate area. These pollutants may cause substantial harm to their health. Dhaka Mass Rapid Transit (DMRT) is such kind of megaproject developed by the Dhaka Mass Transit Company (DMTC) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This project will significantly affect the overall GDP and the total tax revenue in our country. For the project, a total of five lines (MRT Lines 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) have been proposed, and MRT Line-6 is the project's first authorized line. This (MRT Line-6) project has an enormous impact on the environment. As this project contributes radically to our economy, it is obvious to identify the environmental concerns associated with it and analyze the effect on the environment. This research analyzes two significant environmental impacts, air and noise pollution, during the construction phase of MRT Line-6, which are discussed precisely. To explore the impact, the required data is taken from the monthly EIA report of Line-6, and the effect is then analyzed according to the project standard limit.

Keywords: EIA, Environmental Impact, Air and noise pollution, MRT Line 6, DMRT

Authors: Manjunatha M.C, Basavarajappa H.T

Abstract: Mysore-betel leaf is a variety of heart shaped betel (Piper betel) leaf grown in and around Mysuru region. These are said to differ from other betel leaves due to their smooth texture, hot taste & flavor and traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Mysore-betel leaf (Chigurele or Veelyedele) has been traditionally used as ink, stimulant, laxative and contraceptive and has held pride of place in cultivation within villages and palace gardens since the time of the Wodeyar Maharajas of Mysore. The air in the district was once thick with the aroma of Mysuru Mallige (Jasmine), but unplanned and rapid urbanization has seen the cultivation of the flower decline perceptibly. Now after Mallige, the famed Mysore-betel leaf farms are disappearing due to urbanization threat that could become casualty of near unfettered modernization. There are hardly any Mysuru-betel leaf growers in the city limits. Betel leaf farms in the city ran into hundreds of acres-stretching from Shankara Mutt to Koppaluru in JP nagar; from KG Kopplu to Ashokapuram- but now most of them have either been transformed into large residential layouts, or hospitals and colleges.

Keywords: Urbanization threat, Mysore-betel leaf, Mysuru, Geospatial technology

Author: Dr. Kavita Singh, Mr. Aditya Kumar

Abstract: Landslide inventory mapping is fundamental for hazard assessment, risk mitigation, and planning in mountainous regions. Conventional landslide mapping methods based on field surveys and satellite imagery often face limitations in spatial resolution, accessibility, and temporal frequency. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based photogrammetry has emerged as a powerful tool offering high-resolution, flexible, and cost-effective data acquisition for detailed landslide inventory mapping. This paper presents an overview of UAV photogrammetry technology, including data acquisition, processing workflows, and interpretation techniques for landslide mapping. A case study from the Himalayan region demonstrates the integration of UAV-derived orthomosaics and digital terrain models (DTMs) to delineate landslide features and generate a comprehensive landslide inventory. The paper also includes a table summarizing UAV photogrammetry advantages compared to traditional methods. Challenges such as data processing complexity and regulatory constraints are discussed. The study concludes that UAV photogrammetry substantially enhances landslide inventory accuracy and supports effective disaster management strategies.

Keywords: UAV Photogrammetry, Landslide Inventory, Orthomosaic, Digital Terrain Model, Remote Sensing, Hazard Mapping, Geomatics

Author: Dr. Rahul Mehta, Ms. Priya Sharma

Abstract: Ground subsidence is a critical geohazard, particularly in urban and mining regions, causing infrastructure damage, environmental degradation, and safety concerns. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (InSAR) is an advanced remote sensing technique offering millimeter-level accuracy for detecting and monitoring subsidence over large areas. This paper explores the principles and applications of InSAR in ground subsidence detection, focusing on urban and mining settings. Various InSAR processing methods such as Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PS-InSAR) and Differential InSAR (DInSAR) are discussed along with their suitability for different scenarios. The advantages of InSAR including high spatial resolution, temporal coverage, and cost-effectiveness over conventional monitoring methods are highlighted. Limitations like atmospheric interference and decorrelation are analyzed. Case studies demonstrating InSAR's effectiveness in detecting mining-induced and urban subsidence are reviewed. A comparative table summarizes InSAR techniques with respect to accuracy, data requirements, and application complexity. The integration of InSAR data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for risk mapping and decision-making is emphasized. The paper concludes that InSAR provides a valuable tool for proactive subsidence monitoring, enabling sustainable urban and mining area management.

Keywords:  Ground subsidence, InSAR, Urban areas, Mining areas, Remote sensing, Differential InSAR, Persistent Scatterer, GIS

Author: Dr. Raghav Sharma, Ms. Sneha Patel

Abstract: Tunnel route planning in complex geological environments requires precise understanding of surface and subsurface conditions to minimize construction risks and costs. The integration of remote sensing data with geotechnical modeling offers a robust approach to analyze terrain, lithology, and soil properties along potential tunnel alignments. This paper reviews the synergy between remote sensing techniques—such as satellite imagery, LiDAR, and InSAR—and geotechnical numerical modeling in tunnel design. The methodology includes multi-source remote sensing data acquisition, geological hazard identification, and input parameter estimation for geotechnical models. A case study in a Himalayan tunnel project demonstrates how remote sensing aided the delineation of fault zones and unstable slopes, improving route selection. A comparative table highlights benefits of this integrated approach over conventional methods. Challenges including data resolution, model uncertainties, and cost implications are discussed. The study concludes that coupling remote sensing with geotechnical modeling significantly enhances tunnel planning, ensuring safer and economical construction in challenging terrains.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Geotechnical Modeling, Tunnel Route Planning, LiDAR, InSAR, Geological Hazards, Numerical Simulation

Author: Dr. Kavita Sharma, Mr. Rohit Mehta

Abstract: Earthquake-prone regions require precise geotechnical risk mapping to mitigate potential hazards effectively. This paper explores the integration of remote sensing data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to develop geotechnical risk maps that can identify vulnerable zones prone to seismic hazards. Satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEMs), and radar data provide essential information about soil types, fault lines, landforms, and surface deformation. By combining these datasets with historical earthquake records and geological surveys, a comprehensive risk model is developed. The study emphasizes the use of multispectral remote sensing for land use classification, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for detecting ground displacement, and GIS for overlay analysis. A tabulated summary outlines key parameters influencing seismic risk. Limitations of remote sensing data, such as spatial resolution and temporal gaps, are discussed. The results highlight how remote sensing enhances traditional geotechnical assessments and supports disaster preparedness and planning in earthquake-sensitive areas.

Keywords:  Geotechnical Risk, Earthquake-Prone Areas, Remote Sensing, GIS, InSAR, Digital Elevation Model, Seismic Hazard Mapping

Author:  Dr. Arjun Mehta, Ms. Riya Sharma

Abstract:  Groundwater seepage in earthen embankments poses a significant threat to the structural stability and safety of dams, levees, and irrigation canals. Traditional seepage detection techniques often require extensive manual inspection and invasive testing, which can be time-consuming and costly. Thermal Infrared (TIR) remote sensing has emerged as a non-invasive, cost-effective, and efficient technique to identify seepage zones by detecting thermal anomalies caused by temperature contrasts between infiltrating water and surrounding soils. This paper reviews the principles of TIR remote sensing applied to seepage detection, discusses the methods of data acquisition and processing, and analyzes the interpretation of thermal patterns in embankment monitoring. A case study is presented to demonstrate the use of satellite and UAV-based thermal imaging to map seepage in a large earthen dam. A table summarizing key thermal parameters used for seepage identification is included. Limitations, challenges, and future prospects of TIR sensing in geotechnical engineering are also discussed. The paper concludes that TIR remote sensing is a promising tool that supplements conventional techniques, enabling timely identification and mitigation of seepage-related failures.

Keywords:  Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing, Groundwater Seepage, Earthen Embankments, Thermal Anomalies, UAV Thermal Imaging, Satellite Thermal Data, Embankment Stability

Author: Dr. Suman Verma, Mr. Rahul Chauhan

Abstract: Landslides in mountainous regions present significant threats to human life, infrastructure, and the environment. Accurate identification and zoning of landslide-prone areas are crucial for risk mitigation and sustainable land-use planning. This paper explores the integration of remote sensing technologies and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for effective landslide hazard zonation in mountainous terrains. Remote sensing provides up-to-date spatial data on topography, land use, and geological features, while GIS enables the integration and analysis of multi-source datasets to assess landslide susceptibility. The study reviews key factors influencing landslide occurrence, including slope, lithology, rainfall, and vegetation, and demonstrates their incorporation into GIS models. Two tables illustrate thematic layers used in landslide zonation and compare different GIS-based methods for hazard assessment. Challenges such as data resolution, temporal variability, and model accuracy are discussed. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential of advanced geospatial technologies to enhance disaster preparedness and land management in vulnerable mountain regions.

Keywords: Landslide hazard zonation, Remote sensing, GIS, Mountainous regions, Susceptibility mapping, Geospatial analysis

Auther: Dr. Meera Kulkarni, Mr. Arjun Patil

Abstract: Slope stability is crucial for ensuring safety and sustainability in hilly and mountainous regions. Land use changes, including urbanization, deforestation, and agriculture expansion, significantly affect slope stability by altering natural hydrological regimes, vegetation cover, and soil structure. This paper evaluates the impact of land use change on slope stability through remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Multitemporal satellite images and digital elevation models (DEMs) were analyzed to assess land use variations and their correlation with slope failures. Vegetation cover reduction and increased impervious surfaces were found to exacerbate slope instability. GIS based slope stability models integrated with land use maps helped delineate vulnerable zones. A detailed table summarizes key land use types and their associated slope failure risk. Limitations such as spatial resolution and temporal frequency of data are discussed.

Keywords: Slope Stability, Land Use Change, Remote Sensing, GIS, Landslide Susceptibility, Vegetation Cover, Digital Elevation Model

Auther: Dr. Anil Verma, Ms. Priya Joshi

Abstract: Soil contamination caused by industrial activities poses severe risks to environmental health and human safety. Traditional soil sampling methods are often labor-intensive, costly, and spatially limited. Hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) has emerged as a powerful technique for detecting and mapping soil contaminants over large areas with high spectral resolution. This paper reviews the principles of hyperspectral remote sensing and its application in identifying soil contamination from heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and other pollutants linked to industrial sources. The integration of HRS data with advanced image processing and machine learning techniques enhances detection accuracy and spatial mapping. Two tables summarize major hyperspectral sensors used in soil contamination studies and compare various spectral indices and classification algorithms for contaminant detection. Challenges such as spectral variability, atmospheric interference, and data processing complexity are discussed.

Keywords: Hyperspectral remote sensing, Soil contamination, Industrial pollution, Spectral indices, Machine learning, Environmental monitoring

Auther: Dr. Aman Verma, Ms. Neha Gupta

Abstract: Slope stability is a critical concern in infrastructure projects such as highways, dams, and urban development, where landslides and soil failures can cause significant hazards. Traditional ground-based monitoring techniques often face limitations in spatial coverage and timely detection of slope deformations. Earth observation (EO) techniques utilizing satellite remote sensing, aerial LiDAR, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) have emerged as powerful tools for continuous, large-area slope stability assessment. This paper reviews major EO methods, including InSAR, optical satellite imagery, and LiDAR, applied in slope deformation monitoring. The capabilities, advantages, and limitations of these techniques are analyzed. The integration of multi-sensor data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhances spatial analysis and risk mapping. Two tables summarize common EO techniques and compare their features relevant to slope monitoring. Challenges such as atmospheric noise and data resolution are discussed. The paper concludes that EO provides reliable, cost-effective solutions to supplement traditional monitoring, enabling proactive risk management in infrastructure projects.

Keywords:  Earth observation, Slope stability, Infrastructure projects, InSAR, LiDAR, Remote sensing, GIS

Auther: Dr. Anjali Rao, Mr. Vikram Singh

Abstract: Soil moisture is a critical parameter influencing the mechanical behavior and stability of soils in geotechnical engineering. Accurate assessment of soil moisture variability aids in better foundation design, slope stability analysis, and mitigation of geohazards. Microwave remote sensing has emerged as a reliable technique for large-scale and non-invasive soil moisture estimation due to its sensitivity to surface dielectric properties. This paper reviews the principles of microwave remote sensing for soil moisture assessment, comparing active and passive sensor technologies. Key satellite missions such as SMAP, Sentinel-1, and AMSR-E are evaluated for their applicability in geotechnical planning.

Keywords: Soil Moisture, Microwave Remote Sensing, Geotechnical Planning, SMAP, Sentinel-1, Active and Passive Sensors

Auther:  Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Ms. Ananya Sharma

Abstract: Soil erosion and sedimentation pose serious threats to river basin sustainability, affecting water quality, aquatic habitats, and agricultural productivity. Traditional field monitoring techniques are often resource-intensive and limited in spatial and temporal coverage. Satellite-based remote sensing offers a comprehensive, cost-effective, and repeatable approach for monitoring soil erosion and sedimentation dynamics at basin scales. This paper reviews key satellite sensors and data processing methods used in erosion and sedimentation monitoring, highlighting their applications in river basins. Critical parameters such as vegetation cover, land use changes, rainfall, and sediment transport are assessed using multispectral and radar satellite data integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Two tables summarize prominent satellite sensors used and compare soil erosion estimation models utilizing satellite inputs. Challenges including data resolution, cloud cover, and model uncertainties are discussed. The paper concludes by emphasizing the role of satellite monitoring in enhancing soil conservation strategies and river basin management.

Keywords: Soil erosion, Sedimentation, Remote sensing, Satellite monitoring, River basins, GIS, Land use change

Auther: Dr. Anjali Sharma, Mr. Rohit Verma

Abstract: Soil instability beneath the surface can lead to catastrophic infrastructure failures and environmental hazards. Early detection of such subsurface instabilities is crucial for effective risk mitigation. Vegetation stress, observable via remote sensing, has emerged as a promising proxy for detecting areas affected by subsurface soil anomalies such as sinkholes, subsidence, or soil liquefaction. This paper reviews the principles and applications of remote sensing technologies, especially multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, in monitoring vegetation stress related to underlying soil instability. Vegetation indices like NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and stress-related spectral signatures are discussed. A table summarizing common vegetation indices used in soil instability detection is included. Case studies highlight successful monitoring in mining and karst regions. Limitations such as atmospheric interference and seasonal variations are addressed. The study concludes that remote sensing of vegetation stress offers a non-invasive, cost-effective approach for preliminary screening of subsurface soil instability zones, aiding geotechnical investigations and infrastructure planning.

Keywords: Vegetation Stress, Remote Sensing, Soil Instability, NDVI, Hyperspectral Imaging, Subsurface Monitoring

Auther: Dr. Rakesh Mehta,Ms. Anjali Sharma

Abstract: Mining activities significantly alter land surfaces, impacting soil stability and vegetation cover in affected regions. Traditional field surveys are often limited in spatial extent and frequency, posing challenges for comprehensive environmental assessment. Remote sensing offers an efficient, cost-effective, and spatially extensive tool for monitoring mining-induced changes. This paper discusses the application of multispectral and hyperspectral remote sensing techniques in evaluating soil stability and vegetation health in mining areas. Key indicators such as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and soil erosion indices derived from satellite data provide insights into degradation patterns. The integration of remote sensing with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) enhances mapping and temporal analysis. Challenges including atmospheric interference and sensor limitations are addressed. Two tables highlight remote sensing satellites commonly used for mining impact studies and compare

Keywords: Remote sensing, Mining impact, Soil stability, Vegetation monitoring, NDVI, GIS, Environmental assessment

Auther: Dr. Neha Kapoor, Mr. Ankit Joshi

Abstract: Dam site selection and stability assessment are critical steps in water resource management and infrastructure development. The integration of remote sensing technologies provides a non-invasive, efficient, and comprehensive approach to identify suitable dam locations and evaluate their geological and environmental stability. This paper reviews various remote sensing techniques, including multispectral and hyperspectral satellite imagery, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), utilized in the assessment of dam sites. The methodologies incorporate land use/land cover analysis, terrain slope evaluation, geological fault detection, soil moisture assessment, and sedimentation monitoring. A case study example is provided to illustrate the application of these techniques. A detailed table summarizes the key parameters analyzed through remote sensing for dam site evaluation. Limitations and future prospects of remote sensing in dam engineering are also discussed. The findings highlight how remote sensing enhances traditional geotechnical methods, supporting sustainable and safe dam construction.

Keywords: Dam Site Selection, Remote Sensing, Stability Assessment, Digital Elevation Model, SAR, GIS, Sedimentation Monitoring

Authers : Dr. Anjali Verma ,Mr. Karan Singh

Abstract : Permafrost and soil freeze–thaw cycles are critical components of the Earth's cryosphere, influencing hydrology, ecology, and climate dynamics, particularly in high latitude and alpine regions. Monitoring these phenomena over extensive and often inaccessible areas is challenging but vital due to their sensitivity to climate change and their impacts on infrastructure and ecosystems. Remote sensing techniques offer a robust and efficient means to observe and analyze permafrost distribution and freeze–thaw dynamics at various spatial and temporal scales. This paper reviews the principles and recent advances in remote sensing applications for permafrost and soil freeze–thaw cycle monitoring. It highlights the use of optical, thermal infrared, microwave, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensors in capturing surface temperature variations, soil moisture changes, and terrain deformation indicative of freeze–thaw processes. Case studies illustrating the application of remote sensing in monitoring permafrost degradation and freeze–thaw cycles in Arctic and mountainous regions are presented. A comparative table summarizes key remote sensing methods with respect to their data sources, resolution, and limitations. The integration of remote sensing data with in situ measurements and modeling efforts for comprehensive monitoring is emphasized. Challenges such as cloud cover, spatial resolution, and algorithm development are discussed. The paper concludes that remote sensing is indispensable for understanding and managing permafrost and freeze–thaw dynamics amid ongoing climate change.

Keyword : Permafrost, Freeze–thaw cycle, Remote sensing, Synthetic aperture radar, Soil moisture, Cryosphere monitoring

Authors : Dr. Ananya Sharma, Rohan Verma

ABSTRACT : Tsunamis are among the most devastating natural disasters, causing large-scale destruction to coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems. The rapid detection, monitoring, and assessment of tsunami impacts are essential for effective disaster management and mitigation. Remote sensing technologies, including optical, thermal, and radar imaging, have emerged as powerful tools for assessing tsunami impacts in near-real time and over large geographic areas. These technologies facilitate damage mapping, inundation assessment, and post-disaster recovery planning. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of tsunami impact assessment using remote sensing techniques, highlighting the capabilities and limitations of different sensors, data processing methodologies, and integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Emphasis is placed on historical case studies, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami, to illustrate how remote sensing data have enhanced understanding of tsunami dynamics and damage patterns. The study also explores advancements in real-time satellite monitoring, AI-based image analysis, and multi-sensor fusion to improve accuracy and response time. The insights gained can aid policymakers, urban planners, and disaster management authorities in strengthening coastal resilience against future tsunami events.

Authors : Dr. Aakash Mehra, Ritika Sharma

ABSTRACT : Remote sensing has emerged as a crucial tool for rapid, large-scale earthquake damage assessment. By providing timely, accurate, and spatially comprehensive data, it supports disaster response and recovery operations. Earthquake-induced damages, such as collapsed structures, ground deformation, and infrastructure disruptions, can be detected and quantified using optical, thermal, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery. This paper provides an in-depth discussion on the capabilities of remote sensing technologies for post-earthquake assessment, addressing various data sources, processing techniques, and interpretation methods. The study also emphasizes integration with GIS platforms for efficient decision-making and highlights case studies from recent earthquakes worldwide. The aim is to establish a methodological framework to enhance damage detection accuracy and reduce disaster response times.

Keywords : Remote sensing, Earthquake damage assessment, SAR, GIS integration, Disaster management

Authors : Dr. Rakesh Sharma, Anita Verma

ABSTRACT : Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has emerged as a revolutionary geodetic technique for precise monitoring of land subsidence phenomena. This remote sensing method leverages the phase difference between repeated radar satellite passes to detect millimeter-scale ground deformations over large areas. Land subsidence, caused by factors such as groundwater over-extraction, mining, and tectonic activity, has severe implications on infrastructure stability, water resource management, and urban planning. This paper examines the principles, processing workflows, and applications of InSAR for subsidence monitoring, emphasizing case studies from urban and agricultural regions. Additionally, it outlines challenges like atmospheric artifacts and temporal decorrelation, while discussing emerging solutions such as Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PSInSAR) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) approaches. The discussion aims to provide insights into how InSAR contributes to sustainable land and resource management strategies.

Keywords : InSAR, Land Subsidence, Remote Sensing, PSInSAR, SBAS, Ground Deformation, Satellite Radar

Authors : Dr. Aakash Verma, Ananya Singh

Abstract : Hyperspectral and multispectral remote sensing represent two complementary paradigms in Earth observation, each offering distinct trade-offs in spectral richness, spatial coverage, and operational complexity. Hyperspectral systems capture contiguous narrow spectral bands across broad portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, enabling detailed material discrimination, biochemical retrievals, and subtle change detection. Multispectral systems, in contrast, sample a limited number of broader bands optimized for general classification and monitoring tasks, enabling cost-effective mapping over large areas. This comparative analysis synthesizes historical developments, algorithmic advances, and practical considerations that guide the selection of hyperspectral versus multispectral approaches. It outlines key preprocessing steps, feature-extraction and classification methods, and common application areas, including agriculture, mineral mapping, environmental monitoring, and urban studies. The study emphasizes that the choice of sensor technology must be driven by the scientific question, required discrimination capability, budgetary constraints, and computational resources. Finally, the paper highlights recent trends—such as sensor miniaturization, data fusion, and machine learning—that are blurring traditional boundaries and opening new avenues for integrated spectral imaging applications.

Keywords: Hyperspectral sensing; Multispectral sensing; Remote sensing; Spectral resolution; Data fusion; Classification

Authors : Dr. Kavita Mehra, Amit Desai

ABSTRACT : Change detection in multi-temporal remote sensing data is a fundamental technique for monitoring environmental changes, urban expansion, deforestation, agricultural dynamics, and disaster impacts over time. The availability of high-resolution satellite imagery, combined with advanced computational methods, has revolutionized the field, enabling precise and rapid detection of changes in land cover and land use. Various algorithms—ranging from traditional pixel-based techniques to modern object-based and machine learning approaches—offer different capabilities in terms of accuracy, processing speed, and applicability. This paper provides a detailed overview of advanced change detection algorithms, including image differencing, vegetation index differencing, principal component analysis (PCA), change vector analysis (CVA), and deep learning-based classification. The discussion emphasizes their mathematical foundations, implementation strategies, and case studies across diverse geographical regions. The paper also addresses common challenges such as atmospheric interference, sensor calibration discrepancies, and seasonal variability, while highlighting emerging trends like cloud-based processing and AI-driven automation. By evaluating algorithmic strengths and limitations, this study aims to guide researchers, urban planners, and environmental managers toward selecting optimal methods for their specific change detection needs.

Authors : Dr. Ananya Roy, Mr. Kunal Sharma

ABSTRACT : Remote sensing technologies have revolutionized the way coastal erosion and sediment transport are monitored, providing spatially extensive, temporally frequent, and cost-effective data. Coastal zones are dynamic interfaces where land, ocean, and atmosphere interact, leading to complex processes of erosion and sediment deposition. Traditional in-situ monitoring methods, though accurate, often lack the temporal and spatial coverage required for comprehensive coastal management. The integration of multispectral, hyperspectral, LiDAR, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) techniques, coupled with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), enables the generation of accurate shoreline change maps, sediment transport models, and erosion susceptibility assessments. This paper presents an in-depth review of remote sensing methodologies for coastal monitoring, their applications, limitations, and future prospects.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Coastal Erosion, Sediment Transport, GIS, LiDAR, SAR

Authors : Dr. Ananya Kulkarni, Rahul Mehta

ABSTRACT : Soil salinity is a critical environmental and agricultural challenge, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where water scarcity and intensive irrigation accelerate salt accumulation in the soil. Remote sensing technologies, integrated with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), have emerged as powerful tools for mapping, monitoring, and managing salinity over large geographic areas. This paper presents a comprehensive review of remote sensing techniques for soil salinity detection, focusing on spectral indices, microwave sensing, and thermal infrared approaches. It discusses the applicability of satellite platforms such as Landsat, Sentinel, and hyperspectral sensors for salinity mapping, along with the role of GIS in spatial analysis and predictive modeling. The study also examines key factors influencing soil salinity patterns, the integration of field sampling with satellite data, and the development of decision support systems for sustainable agriculture. Case studies from agricultural and semi-arid regions illustrate the

33 Page 32-36 © MANTECH PUBLICATIONS 2020. All Rights Reserved
Journal of Remote Sensing, Environmental Science & Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 5, Issue 2, May-August, 2020
effectiveness of these methods in guiding salinity mitigation strategies. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrating multi-source remote sensing datasets with machine learning for improved salinity monitoring and management.

Keywords: Soil salinity, Remote sensing, Semi-arid regions, Spectral indices, GIS, Hyperspectral imaging, Precision agriculture

Authors : Dr. Ananya Sharma, Dr. Raghav Menon

ABSTRACT : The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission has revolutionized the monitoring of terrestrial water storage changes, offering unprecedented insight into groundwater depletion across the globe. This paper examines the application of GRACE satellite data in assessing groundwater depletion, with a focus on vulnerable regions where over-extraction poses significant environmental and socio-economic risks. By integrating GRACE-derived datasets with ancillary hydrological and climatic data, researchers can detect spatial and temporal patterns of groundwater decline. The study highlights case examples from semi-arid regions of India and parts of the United States, demonstrating the ability of GRACE data to inform water resource management policies. Key challenges such as spatial resolution, data interpretation complexities, and the necessity of ground-based validation are discussed. The findings underscore the role of satellite-based monitoring as a critical tool for sustainable groundwater governance in the era of climate change.

Keywords: GRACE, groundwater depletion, satellite remote sensing, water resource management, hydrological monitoring

Authors : Dr. Neha R. Sharma, Amit Verma

ABSTRACT : The increasing frequency and severity of flood events worldwide have amplified the necessity for advanced spatial analysis tools to predict, monitor, and mitigate flood-related hazards. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) integrated with multi-source remote sensing data present a robust framework for generating accurate flood hazard maps. This study develops a GIS-based flood risk mapping approach utilizing high-resolution satellite imagery, digital elevation models (DEMs), land use/land cover (LULC) data, and hydrological parameters. The methodology integrates remote sensing data with hydrological modeling to delineate flood-prone zones and assess vulnerability indices. The resulting flood hazard map identifies critical zones susceptible to inundation, enabling proactive disaster preparedness and informed urban planning. The findings underscore the potential of integrating UAV-based imagery, Sentinel-2 data, and LiDAR-derived elevation models to enhance spatial accuracy and decision-making in flood risk assessment.

Keywords: Flood risk mapping, GIS, remote sensing, DEM, hydrological modeling, UAV, Sentinel-2, LiDAR

Authors : Prof. Meera Nair, Mr. Rajesh Kapoor

ABSTRACT : Large dams, while instrumental in water storage, irrigation, and hydroelectric power generation, often lead to significant environmental transformations. Remote sensing technology offers an efficient means of assessing these impacts by providing continuous spatial and temporal data over vast and inaccessible regions. This paper explores methodologies for employing satellite imagery and geospatial analysis in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) of large dams. It highlights case studies, evaluates pre- and post-construction ecological changes, and discusses the integration of remote sensing in long-term monitoring programs. Findings suggest that combining spectral analysis, land cover mapping, and change detection techniques can enhance transparency, accuracy, and efficiency in dam-related EIAs.

Keywords : Remote Sensing, Environmental Impact Assessment, Large Dams, Change Detection, Land Cover Mapping, Water Resource Management

Authors : Dr. Ananya Rao, Rahul Sharma

ABSTRACT : The growing concerns over environmental pollution and public health risks from landfill sites necessitate advanced monitoring techniques. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), equipped with state-of-the-art sensors, offer a transformative approach to landfill monitoring, enabling high-resolution data acquisition, rapid assessment, and cost-effective operations. This paper explores the application of UAVs in environmental monitoring of landfill sites, emphasizing their role in detecting leachate contamination, monitoring gas emissions, mapping landfill boundaries, and assessing surface stability. The integration of UAV technology with GIS, remote sensing, and advanced analytics significantly enhances the capability to ensure regulatory compliance and maintain environmental sustainability. The study provides case examples, highlights operational advantages, addresses technical and regulatory challenges, and discusses potential future developments in UAV-based landfill monitoring.

Keywords: UAVs, landfill monitoring, environmental assessment, remote sensing, GIS, leachate detection

Authors : Dr. Ananya Verma, Rajesh Kumar

ABSTRACT : Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as powerful tools in the assessment and mapping of landslide susceptibility zones, offering rapid, cost-effective, and reliable spatial analysis. This paper explores the integration of satellite imagery, terrain modeling, and GIS-based multi-criteria analysis to identify vulnerable regions prone to landslides. By combining environmental factors such as slope, lithology, land use, and precipitation patterns, remote sensing and GIS enable the creation of high-accuracy susceptibility maps. Case studies from Himalayan and Western Ghats regions highlight the potential of these technologies in disaster risk reduction, urban planning, and sustainable infrastructure development. The findings underscore the need for continuous data updates, advanced image processing techniques, and community-based validation to enhance prediction accuracy and practical applicability in geotechnical engineering contexts.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, GIS, Landslide Susceptibility, Terrain Analysis, Geotechnical Engineering, Disaster Risk Reduction

Authors : Dr. Ananya Verma, Mr. Aditya Rao

ABSTRACT : Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies have revolutionized land suitability analysis, enabling sustainable development planning that integrates environmental, social, and economic factors. This paper examines the methodology, applications, and benefits of using remote sensing and GIS for land suitability assessment. It outlines how spatial data acquisition, thematic mapping, and multi-criteria decision-making models are integrated to evaluate the optimal use of land resources while minimizing ecological impacts. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in agriculture, urban planning, and natural resource management, offering pathways for policymakers to achieve balanced growth and environmental conservation.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, GIS, Land Suitability, Sustainable Development, Spatial Analysis, Multi-Criteria Decision Making

Authors : Dr. Meera Kapoor, Dr. Raghav Sharma

ABSTRACT : Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has emerged as a critical tool for detecting ground deformation in earthquake-prone regions. This paper presents a comprehensive study on geotechnical hazard assessment using InSAR technology, focusing on its capabilities to monitor ground subsidence, surface displacement, and fault movement with millimeter-level accuracy. The study evaluates case examples from various seismically active zones, discusses integration with geotechnical and geological datasets, and highlights the technology's role in disaster risk reduction. The analysis confirms that InSAR-based monitoring significantly enhances the precision of hazard maps, enabling proactive mitigation strategies in vulnerable regions.

Keywords: : InSAR, Geotechnical Hazards, Earthquake-Prone Regions, Ground Deformation, Remote Sensing, Hazard Assessment

Authors : Dr. Ananya Verma, Dr. Raghav Sharma

ABSTRACT : Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has emerged as a revolutionary remote sensing technology for geological applications, offering unprecedented capabilities in mineral mapping and soil classification. By capturing continuous spectral information across hundreds of narrow bands, HSI enables precise identification of minerals and soil properties that are otherwise undetectable using conventional multispectral imaging. This paper presents an in-depth examination of the utilization of HSI for mineral exploration and soil classification, particularly in heterogeneous geological environments. The discussion encompasses sensor specifications, data preprocessing, spectral unmixing, and classification algorithms. Additionally, this study highlights case examples demonstrating the integration of airborne and satellite-based hyperspectral datasets with ground truth information for enhanced mapping accuracy. The outcomes emphasize HSI's ability to support sustainable resource extraction and agricultural planning through improved geospatial analysis. 

Keywords: Hyperspectral imaging, mineral exploration, soil classification, remote sensing, spectral analysis, geospatial mapping

Author : Dr. Raghav Sharma

Abstract : Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) mapping is a cornerstone of modern environmental monitoring and spatial planning, offering crucial insights into the human-environment relationship. With the advent of satellite technology, especially remote sensing, the ability to study Earth's surface and its dynamic changes has become increasingly precise, consistent, and scalable. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the techniques, data sources, and applications of LULC mapping using satellite imagery. It emphasizes how remote sensing helps monitor deforestation, agricultural expansion, urban sprawl, and natural resource depletion. The study also discusses classification techniques such as supervised and unsupervised methods, the importance of spatial resolution, and the integration of satellite imagery with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Real-world applications such as urban development, climate modeling, and disaster management underscore the relevance of this technology in policymaking and sustainable development planning. This paper aims to simplify LULC mapping for a broader audience, illustrating the technical foundations while highlighting its global significance.

Keywords: Land Use, Land Cover, Satellite Imagery, Remote Sensing, GIS, Classification, Urban Monitoring, LULC Mapping, Environmental Planning

Author:-Shirshendu Maitra

Abstract:-This research is based on how many people’s are prefer recycling and what is impact of e-waste on the human health and environment. For this research work, I am referring the data collection method is via questionnaire, based on that final results are prepared. I did the survey of this questionnaire by personally meeting the individuals and then collecting secondary data for the research paper. This paper suggest some key factors responsible for e-waste and suggest some methods that if properly managed and implemented can change this problem to a profitable opportunity.

Keywords : Electronic waste, impact of e-waste, e-waste management, recycling e-waste.

Authors:-Dr.S.Sreeremya

Abstract:-Monocropping or monoculture is a process to culture a single crop in a farm land. Monocropping is a process by which a clear assessment of interaction of crop on soil land can be observed.This paper deals with the various dynamics of monocropping

Keywords : Monocropping, monoculture, assessment, soil, farm land

Authors:-Abhinav Aggarwal,MahendraChoudhary,Dr. Bhuvan Gupta

Abstract:-Every house requires hot water especially in winters for completion of various activities like bathing, laundry purpose etc.whereas it is required in many industries for production of their goods. Conventional method of heating water has been used from ancient time which requires lot of fossil fuels or electricity which ultimately affect economy of any house or industry .But as solar radiation are available in plenty and it is the main alternative of conventional source of energy which can be harnessed and can be used for heating of water. This method is eco -friendly as well as economical method for heating of water. The size of solar system depends upon availability of sunradiation, temperature requirement, geographical condition and arrangement of the solar system etc. This paper represents a review on various methods through which we can use solar radiation for heating of water.

Keywords : Nuclear Fusion, Solar heater, Solar energy collector, Active and passive system

Author:-Dr.S.Sreeremya

Abstract:-Entrepreneurship development in the field of climate change is little risky. There are various innovative policies being made to withstand the drastic climatic change.This paper discusses the policies implemented to stabilize the climate change by climate entrepreneurs.

Keywords : Entrepreneurship, climate entrepreneurs, climate change, policies

Author : Dr. Ananya Bose

Abstract : Urbanization is accelerating at an unprecedented pace, reshaping the spatial and demographic landscapes of cities worldwide. Monitoring this growth is crucial for sustainable urban planning and infrastructure development. Remote sensing technologies have emerged as vital tools in detecting, analyzing, and managing urban expansion over time. This paper explores the fundamental concepts and applications of remote sensing in urban growth monitoring, highlighting its advantages in temporal analysis, land use classification, and change detection. With the advent of high-resolution satellite imagery, multispectral and hyperspectral data, and advanced geospatial analysis tools, urban planners and researchers can now derive accurate, timely, and scalable insights into urban dynamics. The paper also discusses key challenges, technological advances, and the integration of remote sensing with GIS to enhance urban growth forecasting. By unpacking the core principles and methodologies, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how remote sensing contributes to efficient urban governance, informed decision-making, and sustainable development.

Keywords: Urban Monitoring, Remote Sensing, Satellite Imagery, GIS, Change Detection, Urban Planning

Authors:-Dr. P.K. Garg

Abstract:-Geomatics technology is used to gather, store, process, and deliver geographic information, or spatially referenced information. Geomatics tools are valuable for planning and monitoring social, economic and technical processes. The tools and techniques are used in land surveying, remote sensing (LiDAR, UAV), cartography, geographic information systems (GIS), global navigation satellite systems (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and Compass), photogrammetry, geography and related forms of Earth mapping. These tools provide accurate, timely and cost-effective measurement, analysis and visualization of phenomena on Earth surface. World-wide, geomatics tools are being used in a large number of mega projects for better planning and management of resources. With the availability of modern equipment and technology, there is a tremendous saving of manpower and funds for field data collection and their analysis.

Keywords : :Geomaticstechnology, GLONASS, Galileo, Compass,global navigation satellite systems, (LiDAR, UAV)

Authors:- Dr. S. Sreeremya

Abstract:- Huge amounts of fibre-rich organic waste material from the public green and private gardens have to be treated environmentally friendly; however, this fibre-rich biomass has low biogas yields. This review study assessed the presence of several fungi like Neocallimastigales, Aspergillusetc in full-scale biogas plants as well as in laboratory reactors and elucidated the importance of fungi for the biogas process.

Keywords : Neocallimastigales, Aspergillus, fungi, biogas

Authors:-Prof (Dr) Nemailal Tarafder

Abstract:-Agro-textile is a woven or knitted or non-woven technical textile which is extensively used for controlling environment for plants/animals in applications to agriculture, forestry, horticulture, etc. The applications include all activities concerned with the growth and harvesting of live products and foodstuffs.  Agro-textiles contribute about 1.5% to total production of technical textiles in India. Agro-textiles help to keep sufficient soft humidity and increase the soil temperature. Unique fabrics are generally manufactured for agricultural appliance. Some of the main fields of agro-textiles are shade nets, mulch mats, crop covers, anti-hail nets, net for protection from birds and fishing nets. Tapping the potential of technical textiles, agro-textiles are driving the sector profitability by improving the productivity and reducing the need for chemicals. Man-made fibers are preferred for agricultural textiles than the natural fibers due to certain advantages. The essential physical properties of agro-textiles help with the growth and harvesting of crops and other foodstuffs.

Keywords : Agro-textile, or non-woven technical textile, agricultural textiles

Authors:- Dr. S. Sreeremya

Abstract:- India is a country where the population rate is aggrandized at an alarming rate. A pragmatic technique concerning pollution is not been embraced by the developing country like India. Pollution is a very serious issue, of which noise pollution is quite a serious one. Only a decade a major focus was given to noise pollution. This paper provides certain insight regarding the impact and certain strategies to remediate the condition

Keywords : India, Noise pollution, remediate, Developing country, Strategies

Authors : Dr. Ananya Sharma, Rohit Kumar

Abstract : Satellite-based remote sensing has emerged as an indispensable tool in agricultural monitoring and management. With ever-increasing global demands for food security, timely and accurate information regarding crop health, yield estimation, and phenological stages has become critical. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the utilization of satellite imagery in monitoring various crop parameters. It explores different remote sensing technologies, spectral indices like NDVI, satellite platforms such as Landsat and Sentinel, and their respective resolutions. The paper also covers application methodologies for detecting diseases, predicting yields, and identifying water stress levels in crops. The integration of geospatial data analytics with remote sensing has provided significant support to precision agriculture andpolicymaking.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Crop Monitoring, NDVI, Satellite Imagery, Precision Agriculture, Geospatial Data, Yield Prediction

Authors : Dr. Ananya Sharma, Rohan Mehta

Abstract : Remote sensing has emerged as a pivotal technology for environmental monitoring and management, particularly in the assessment and mapping of forest cover. As deforestation and forest degradation continue to pose serious threats to biodiversity and climate stability, remote sensing provides accurate, timely, and cost-effective solutions for monitoring forest ecosystems. This paper explores the principles, techniques, and significance of remote sensing in forest cover mapping. It delves into the use of multispectral and hyperspectral imagery, LiDAR, and radar sensors in capturing and analyzing forest data. The integration of satellite imagery with GIS tools enhances spatial analysis and supports effective decision-making for sustainable forest management. Through examples, this paper highlights the application of remote sensing in detecting forest changes, estimating biomass, and classifying forest types. By evaluating various methodologies and datasets, this study establishes the importance of continued technological advancement and capacity building in remote sensing for global forest conservation efforts.

Keywords: Remote sensing, Forest mapping, Satellite imagery, GIS, Vegetation analysis, Deforestation monitoring, Biomass estimation

Authors : Dr. Neha Awasthi, Rajeev Kumar

Abstract : The convergence of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) has brought a transformative shift in spatial data analysis, enabling precise observation, mapping, and decision-making processes. While remote sensing facilitates the acquisition of satellite-based imagery and aerial data, GIS aids in the structured analysis and management of spatial information. The integration of these two technologies enhances capabilities in diverse fields including agriculture, urban planning, disaster management, environmental monitoring, and resource management. This paper delves into the foundational aspects of GIS and Remote Sensing, highlighting their individual components and the mechanisms through which their integration offers an advanced platform for spatial analysis. It discusses data types, processing techniques, interoperability frameworks, and case studies that exemplify the synergy of GIS-RS integration. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes challenges such as data accuracy, temporal resolution, and processing limitations while projecting the future trajectory of this integration in the age of AI and big data.

Keywords: Geographic Information System, Remote Sensing, Spatial Analysis, Satellite Imagery, Data Integration, Spatial Data, Geoinformatics.

Author : Dr. Meera Awasthi

Abstract : Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have redefined the field of aerial surveying by offering high-resolution, low-cost, and real-time spatial data acquisition capabilities. This paper explores the evolving role of drones in geospatial data collection, particularly in topographical mapping, construction, disaster monitoring, and land-use planning. Traditional surveying methods, while accurate, often face limitations such as high costs, terrain accessibility, and longer data turnaround times. The integration of drone technology in surveying offers a viable alternative that addresses these constraints. With advancements in sensor technology, photogrammetry, LiDAR, and software-driven analytics, drones have transformed the precision and scope of aerial surveying. This paper presents an in-depth understanding of the key components, advantages, applications, and challenges involved in drone-based aerial surveying. It further discusses regulatory aspects, future trends, and the integration of Artificial Intelligence and GIS with drones to enhance data interpretation and decision-making processes. By mapping the technical, practical, and societal dimensions, this study emphasizes drones as indispensable tools in modern geospatial applications.

Keywords: Drone surveying, UAV, Geospatial data, Photogrammetry, LiDAR, GIS integration, Aerial mapping.

Authors : Dr. Riya Mehta, Aakash Sharma

Abstract : Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a powerful cloud-based geospatial processing platform that allows users to visualize, analyze, and interpret massive datasets related to Earth's environment. This paper delves into the foundational use of GEE in environmental monitoring, exploring its ability to handle diverse datasets ranging from satellite imagery to climate records. By simplifying access to petabyte-scale datasets and enabling fast cloud-based computation, GEE has become indispensable in research domains such as deforestation tracking, urban heat mapping, water body monitoring, and land use/land cover (LULC) analysis. The paper explores how GEE's JavaScript and Python APIs provide user-friendly interfaces for scripting geospatial workflows, while also showcasing applications through case studies. The integration of GEE in academia and governmental monitoring initiatives demonstrates a paradigm shift in environmental observation. Overall, the platform enhances reproducibility, scalability, and democratization of geospatial science.

Keywords: Google Earth Engine, Remote Sensing, Environmental Monitoring, Cloud Computing, Satellite Imagery, NDVI, Urban Heat Islands, Water Body Detection, LULC, Deforestation

Authors: Dr. Meena Sharma, Rohit Kapoor

Abstract: Hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) has emerged as a transformative technology in environmental monitoring, offering unprecedented spectral detail and the capability to detect, identify, and quantify Earth surface materials and processes. With hundreds of narrow spectral bands, HRS enables precise discrimination of vegetation species, detection of subtle changes in water quality, and monitoring of soil contamination. Recent advancements in satellite and airborne platforms, coupled with sophisticated data processing algorithms, have expanded the scope of applications in environmental management, disaster assessment, and climate change studies. This paper reviews advanced applications of hyperspectral remote sensing in environmental monitoring, emphasizing case studies in vegetation health assessment, water pollution detection, and mineral mapping. Challenges related to data volume, atmospheric correction, and integration with other geospatial datasets are discussed, along with future research directions aimed at operationalizing hyperspectral data for real-time environmental decision-making.

Keywords: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing, Environmental Monitoring, Vegetation Health, Water Pollution, Mineral Mapping

Authors: Dr. Ananya Mehta, Rahul Sen

Abstract: Satellite remote sensing has emerged as a pivotal technology in forest cover monitoring, enabling large-scale, consistent, and near-real-time observation of terrestrial ecosystems. With advancements in spectral imaging, spatial resolution, and data analytics, satellite remote sensing offers critical insights into deforestation trends, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation. This paper examines a variety of satellite technologies, including multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar-based systems, as well as indices like NDVI and EVI, which are instrumental in vegetation monitoring. Additionally, it highlights integration with artificial intelligence for predictive analytics and early warning systems. The discussion extends to real-world case studies, technological challenges, and emerging research directions aimed at improving accuracy, accessibility, and operational efficiency of forest cover monitoring.

Keywords: Satellite remote sensing, forest monitoring, NDVI, EVI, biodiversity, climate change mitigation, AI integration

Authors: Deva Jenifer1, A Arunkumar K2

Abstract: Contamination of the marine environment by human-made plastic litter is a growing and global problem. Plastic is a waste pollution in our oceans is becoming increasingly urgent to address. It is estimated that over 5 million tonnes of plastic enter the oceans every year and that this figure in rapidly growing. Indeed, it is estimated that in the next 5 years global production of plastic will be higher than in the entire 20th century. Moreover, plastic pollution does not only stay on the surface of the ocean but penetrates right to the very depths and indeed into living ocean organisms and the marine food web. The propose is developing advanced modelling tools to help assess the full extent of the problem of plastic pollution in our oceans and how it is affecting the marine environment. The tools will help policymakers design targeted measures to address a big and growing issue.

Keywords: Plastic; Topios; Marine Environment; Oceans

Authors: Raghu N. Prajapati1, Anish Shrestha2, Aayukta Raman Aryal3, Arun Khanal4, Abdul Hai Miya5, Ayush Singh6, Brabin Sapkota7

Abstract: Sundarijal Watershed in Shivapuri National Park, Nepal has been providing services to Kathmandu Valley population in terms of Hydropower Generation and Drinking Water Supply. In this study, the probable submerged area in the catchment with the change in elevation of Sundarijal Hydropower Dam is calculated with the help of GIS-based tools and land use maps. In addition, assessment of the impacts on the vicinity due to the impounding reservoir is prepared. We hope that this study will be useful in designing of dam of an optimum elevation with minimum effects on the environment and maximum efficiency for sustainable period.

Keywords: Hydropower, Power Generation, Sundarijal Watershed, Dam

Authors: Murefu Mike1, Chen Shengbo2

Abstract: Geospatial methods such as remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used in planning irrigation routes in mountainous areas. Compared to the traditional methods such as ground survey, use of geospatial techniques is quicker, cheaper and less burdening. This study proposes the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques in planning irrigation routes in mountainous regions. The study adopts the hydrological modeling process outlined in ArcGIS Arc Hydro Toolset and uses Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) Version 2 to delineate an irrigation route in the study area. The area of study is located in Zimbabwe’s Eastern highlands. Results show that ASTER GDEM can be applied for irrigation route delineation in mountainous regions using Arc Hydro. An irrigation route of approximately 4.45 km was delineated from a dam which is the irrigation water source. The maximum and minimum elevations above sea level of the route are 1047m and 978m respectively. The maximum and average slope are 18.5% and 3.2% respectively. The results were validated through comparison with Google Earth elevation data. A correlation coefficient of 0.991923 was found between the ASTER GDEM and Google Earth elevations. The study concluded that GIS methods such as Arc Hydro and Remote Sensing data such as ASTER GDEM are suitable tools for determining irrigation routes in mountainous regions

Keywords: Arc Hydro, ASTER Imagery, Geospatial methods, Irrigation

Authors: Dr. Ananya Mehta, Dr. Raghav Sharma

Abstract: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology has emerged as a highly effective tool for the deformation monitoring of large-scale infrastructure such as dams and embankments. This paper presents a detailed review of satellite-based InSAR applications in structural health monitoring, emphasizing early detection of deformations that could compromise structural integrity. The study discusses various InSAR techniques, such as Differential InSAR (D-InSAR) and Persistent Scatterer InSAR (PS InSAR), and their capabilities in measuring millimeter-scale displacements. Special focus is given to the advantages of InSAR over conventional geodetic survey methods, its integration with ground-based measurements, and challenges such as atmospheric disturbances, temporal decorrelation, and water body scattering effects. Real-world case studies demonstrate how InSAR has been effectively employed in monitoring deformation patterns of key dam structures globally. The potential of combining InSAR data with numerical modeling for predictive analysis is also explored. This work aims to highlight InSAR’s critical role in ensuring the safety and longevity of hydraulic structures in the context of increasing climate-induced stresses.

Keywords: InSAR, Dams, Embankments, Deformation Monitoring, Remote Sensing, Persistent Scatterer, Differential InSAR

Authors: Dr. Kavita Menon, Arjun Verma

Abstract: LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology has revolutionized geospatial data acquisition, offering high-precision elevation models essential for slope stability analysis. This paper examines the role of LiDAR in assessing terrain morphology, detecting instability indicators, and supporting geotechnical decision-making. Through integration with GIS, LiDAR-derived Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) enable accurate slope gradient, aspect, and curvature analysis, which are critical for identifying landslide prone regions. The methodology section highlights data collection, preprocessing, and application in stability modeling. Comparative assessments with conventional survey methods show LiDAR’s superior accuracy and efficiency, particularly in inaccessible terrains. The study concludes that LiDAR-based analysis not only improves hazard mapping but also supports proactive slope stabilization measures, contributing to disaster risk reduction in geotechnically sensitive areas.

Keywords: LiDAR, Slope Stability, Digital Elevation Model, GIS, Landslide Risk Assessment, Terrain Analysis

Authors: Deva Jenifer1, A Arunkumar K2

Abstract: Contamination of the marine environment by human-made plastic litter is a growing and global problem. Plastic is a waste pollution in our oceans is becoming increasingly urgent to address. It is estimated that over 5 million tonnes of plastic enter the oceans every year and that this figure in rapidly growing. Indeed, it is estimated that in the next 5 years global production of plastic will be higher than in the entire 20th century. Moreover, plastic pollution does not only stay on the surface of the ocean but penetrates right to the very depths and indeed into living ocean organisms and the marine food web. The propose is developing advanced modelling tools to help assess the full extent of the problem of plastic pollution in our oceans and how it is affecting the marine environment. The tools will help policymakers design targeted measures to address a big and growing issue.

Keywords: Plastic; Topios; Marine Environment; Oceans

Authors: Raghu N. Prajapati1, Anish Shrestha2, Aayukta Raman Aryal3, Arun Khanal4, Abdul Hai Miya5, Ayush Singh6, Brabin Sapkota7

Abstract: Sundarijal Watershed in Shivapuri National Park, Nepal has been providing services to Kathmandu Valley population in terms of Hydropower Generation and Drinking Water Supply. In this study, the probable submerged area in the catchment with the change in elevation of Sundarijal Hydropower Dam is calculated with the help of GIS-based tools and land use maps. In addition, assessment of the impacts on the vicinity due to the impounding reservoir is prepared. We hope that this study will be useful in designing of dam of an optimum elevation with minimum effects on the environment and maximum efficiency for sustainable period.

Keywords: Hydropower, Power Generation, Sundarijal Watershed, Dam

Authors: Murefu Mike1, Chen BoSheng2

Abstract: Geospatial methods such as remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used in planning irrigation routes in mountainous areas. Compared to the traditional methods such as ground survey, use of geospatial techniques is quicker, cheaper and less burdening. This study proposes the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques in planning irrigation routes in mountainous regions. The study adopts the hydrological modeling process outlined in ArcGIS Arc Hydro Toolset and uses Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) Version 2 to delineate an irrigation route in the study area. The area of study is located in Zimbabwe’s Eastern highlands. Results show that ASTER GDEM can be applied for irrigation route delineation in mountainous regions using Arc Hydro. An irrigation route of approximately 4.45 km was delineated from a dam which is the irrigation water source. The maximum and minimum elevations above sea level of the route are 1047m and 978m respectively. The maximum and average slope are 18.5% and 3.2% respectively. The results were validated through comparison with Google Earth elevation data. A correlation coefficient of 0.991923 was found between the ASTER GDEM and Google Earth elevations. The study concluded that GIS methods such as Arc Hydro and Remote Sensing data such as ASTER GDEM are suitable tools for determining irrigation routes in mountainous regions 

Keywords : Arc Hydro, ASTER Imagery, Geospatial methods, Irrigation

Authors: Dr. Kavita Sharma, Rahul Mehta

Abstract: Forest fires represent a critical ecological disaster, resulting in significant environmental, economic, and social losses. The integration of satellite-based remote sensing technologies offers a rapid, large-scale, and efficient solution for detecting, monitoring, and assessing fire events. This paper presents an in depth study on forest fire detection and damage assessment using multi spectral and thermal satellite imagery, focusing on the application of advanced algorithms such as Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and thermal anomaly detection. The methodology employs data from sensors like MODIS, VIIRS, and Sentinel-2 to identify active fire locations, estimate burnt areas, and evaluate post-fire vegetation loss. A case study on the 2023 Uttarakhand forest fire event demonstrates the efficacy of the approach, highlighting the advantages of remote sensing over traditional ground-based monitoring. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating satellite imagery with GIS based analytics to develop early warning systems, thus minimizing the ecological and socio-economic impact of forest fires.

Keywords: Forest fire detection, Remote sensing, Satellite imagery, Burn severity, Damage assessment, NBR index, Thermal anomaly detection

Authors: Murefu Mike1, Chen BoSheng2

Abstract: Geospatial methods such as remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be used in planning irrigation routes in mountainous areas. Compared to the traditional methods such as ground survey, use of geospatial techniques is quicker, cheaper and less burdening. This study proposes the use of remote sensing and GIS techniques in planning irrigation routes in mountainous regions. The study adopts the hydrological modeling process outlined in ArcGIS Arc Hydro Toolset and uses Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) Version 2 to delineate an irrigation route in the study area. The area of study is located in Zimbabwe’s Eastern highlands. Results show that ASTER GDEM can be applied for irrigation route delineation in mountainous regions using Arc Hydro. An irrigation route of approximately 4.45 km was delineated from a dam which is the irrigation water source. The maximum and minimum elevations above sea level of the route are 1047m and 978m respectively. The maximum and average slope are 18.5% and 3.2% respectively. The results were validated through comparison with Google Earth elevation data. A correlation coefficient of 0.991923 was found between the ASTER GDEM and Google Earth elevations. The study concluded that GIS methods such as Arc Hydro and Remote Sensing data such as ASTER GDEM are suitable tools for determining irrigation routes in mountainous regions

Keywords: Arc Hydro, ASTER Imagery, Geospatial methods, Irrigation

Authors: P. Tirumala1, B. Ganesh2

Abstract: In developing countries like India, due to the remarkable development in road infrastructure, Soil stabilization has become the major issue in construction activity. Stabilization is not only a method of altering or modifying of one or more soil properties to improve the engineering characteristics and performance of a soil, but also processing available materials for the production of low-cost design and construction. Expansive soils are known for their low plasticity and low shear strength. These soils present significant geotechnical and structural engineering challenges all over the world, with costs associated with expansive behavior estimated to run in to several billions annually. Expansive soils are the soils that experience significant volume change associated with changes in water content which means they are volumetrically unstable due to seasonal moisture variation. Their strength decreases and compressibility increases tremendously on wetting. By keeping the above problem in view, the cohesive natured clayey soil was chosen and checked for compaction properties along with other general soil characteristics by varying the content of ground granulated blast furnace slag, which is waste by-product released during the processing of iron and steel metals. From the present study, it deduced that there is a significant decrease in compressibility characteristics of the clay with the increase in ggbs content. Ultimately, the composite soil which is stabilized with ggbs content proves to be good construction material for complex civil engineering structures such as embankment, earthen dams and runways. The usage of ggbs for soil stabilization is not only economical, but also beneficial to the environment by putting an industrial waste to good use.

Keywords: Soil Stabilization, Expansive Soil, Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS), Strength Properties.

Authors: Sudeesh. K1, S.Sreeremya2

Abstract: Soil is a major habitat for the growth of miccorganisms, especially fungi. The isolated fungi is been cultured in several media. Among them, soybean has tremendous nutritional properties. It has both nutritional and antinutritional properties. The objective of the present study is to identify whether soy bean along with agar serves as a prime nutritional source and media for the growth of fungi.

Keywords: Soybean, Culture, Soil, Fungi, Nutritional, Media

Authors: Dhananjay M.1, Tejas K.2, Sunil S K.3, Jithendra S.4

Abstract: Melukotelying in 12°40’05” N 76°38’07” Ein Pandavapura taluk of Mandya district, Karnataka, in southern India isgeologically aGranitic and Mylonitic terrain. Karnataka being on hard rock terrain called Dharwar Carton, it has been further divided into Eastern Dharwar and Western Dharwar the eastern Dharwar being the youngest of two they have been sheared against each other forming Chitradurga schist belt a metamorphic terrain. In general the basement rock is Sargur schist belt 3.1 Ga old (billion years) overlain by Peninsular gneiss 2.9 Ga old (billion years) they have been over laying by younger Granitic rocks which is around 2.1 Ga old(billion years). This shows that the rocks are old and hard rocks and laying in Seismic ZoneII by BIS i.e. Bureau of Indian Standards. The even though they are hard rock terrains they have undergone structural deformations. Different structural features such as folds different sizes, faults different sizes, shears zones of different sizes running from micro shears of less than a meter to mega shears that run for hundreds of kilometers have been identified at different places. Hence the basic knowledge of this says that where ever we move around in Karnataka that would be on hard rocks of any of this kind. That is until and unless we encounter a mineralized terrain or structural feature the construction planning and execution would not be affected by the soft rocks or sedimentary rocks except a few basins such as Bhīma and Kaladgi Basin.

Coming to the geology of Melkote the place is known for huge hillocks or outcrops in geological sense and the have been recognized of extension of Bukapatna Granite of Chitradurga. The place is mylonictic terrain.Myloniteisanindicator of intense structural deformations such as faults, folds and shear zones. Hence the prime objective of Civil Engineer in the field is to identify the structural plains and then pre analyze the effect of the same on the civil structure that would be planed for. The rocks have undergone physical, chemical, biological, weathering. Chemical weathering processes are among the most fundamental natural processes operating at and near the surfaces of earth.

Keywords: Granitic, Mylonitic, Sargur schist belt, peninsular gneiss and Mylonite.

Authors: Dr. Ananya Mehta, Rohit Sharma

Abstract: Soil moisture plays a crucial role in geotechnical studies, directly influencing slope stability, settlement rates, shear strength, and foundation design. Traditional field-based measurement techniques, while accurate, are often restricted by cost, labor, and spatial limitations. Remote sensing provides a cost effective, large-scale, and repeatable approach for estimating soil moisture, enabling continuous monitoring across vast regions. This paper examines remote sensing techniques such as active microwave (Synthetic Aperture Radar), passive microwave radiometry, optical, and thermal sensing, and evaluates their relevance to geotechnical applications. Challenges including vegetation interference, surface roughness, and calibration issues are addressed. The integration of multi-sensor data, advanced retrieval algorithms, and machine learning is highlighted as a path toward improving soil moisture estimation accuracy in operational geotechnical projects.

Keywords: Remote sensing, Soil moisture, Geotechnical studies, SAR, Passive microwave, Optical sensing, Thermal sensing

Authors: Dr. Rakesh Nair, Priya Menon

Abstract: Highway embankments, essential for maintaining road stability and safety, are prone to settlement over time due to soil consolidation, subsurface movements, and external loading. Traditional monitoring methods—such as leveling surveys and geotechnical instrumentation—are often time-consuming, costly, and limited in spatial coverage. Remote sensing technologies, including Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and high-resolution optical imagery, offer an efficient and non-intrusive approach for detecting and quantifying embankment settlement. This paper reviews the application of various remote sensing methods for highway embankment settlement monitoring, discussing their working principles, advantages, limitations, and integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It presents case studies from different regions, emphasizing how satellite-based and airborne platforms enhance long-term maintenance planning. The study concludes with future research directions involving artificial intelligence (AI) driven analysis and multi-sensor data fusion for real-time monitoring.

Keywords: Highway embankment, Remote sensing, InSAR, LiDAR, Optical imagery, GIS integration, Settlement monitoring

Authors: Dr. Ananya Sharma, Rahul Verma

Abstract: Soil erosion poses significant challenges to sustainable land management and agricultural productivity. Remote sensing technology offers a robust, cost effective, and scalable approach for monitoring and assessing soil erosion risk across diverse landscapes. This paper examines the principles, methodologies, and applications of remote sensing in soil erosion risk assessment, emphasizing multi-spectral, hyperspectral, and radar data integration. The research explores the advantages of satellite imagery in temporal monitoring, highlights case studies of erosion mapping in various climatic regions, and evaluates the role of GIS in integrating remote sensing data for predictive modeling. The paper also presents a comparative analysis of commonly used erosion models such as RUSLE, USPED, and WEPP when combined with remote sensing datasets. Results indicate that multi-temporal analysis, particularly using Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 data, significantly improves the accuracy of soil erosion risk predictions. Finally, the study underscores the need for continuous monitoring frameworks and advanced machine learning approaches to enhance erosion risk management at both local and regional scales.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, Soil Erosion, RUSLE, GIS, Hyperspectral Imaging, Risk Assessment, Sentinel-2, Landsat-8

Authors: Sanjeev T P1, Shivaprasad H2, Sridhar H N3, Shailesh Hundekar4, Abhishek M T5

Abstract: In this paper, management and utilization of kitchen waste for productive uses is showcased. By using compression and decomposition methods of microbial culture, it is possible to turn commonly available wastes into productive manure. By analyzing treatment of kitchen waste using microbial culture from an economic angle, it can be easy for decision makers to implement this on a large scale. This paper discusses the methods involved in treatment of kitchen waste as well as the cost involved so that feasibility of this idea can be highlighted.

Keywords: Kitchen Waste, Microbial Culture, Green Waste, Compost.

Authors:  M. Jamaluddin Ahmed1, Sayeda Halima Begum2, Didarul Alam Chowdhury3, Newton Mandal4 M. Zahedur Rahman Chowdhury5

Abstract:  Chittagong is one of the major emergent cities in Bangladesh which its area is rapidly increasing as neighboring districts like Rangamati, Khagrachari, Bandarban and Cox’s Bazar. Most of the people are using the groundwater as a prime source for their domestic needs. Assessing the quality of ground water is an essential concern in this new era. The work has been conceded by traveling to the sampling site, collection of required water samples, and estimation of water discharge and determination of basic parameters of the site. The water samples have been analyzed for physicochemical parameters as prescribed by APHA*, using standard techniques and compared with WHO (2014-2015) drinking water quality standards. The ground water quality information maps of the entire study area were prepared by GIS Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) technique for 26 parameters. GIS technology proved to be very useful for enhancing the accuracy. We obtained the location of the well by using the GPS and Arc GIS software. The IDW was applied to find out the spatial distribution of groundwater quality. In interpolation with the spatial analyst method of IDW, a weight is attributed to the point to be measured. The amount of this weight is dependent on the distance of the point to another unknown point. These weights are controlled on the bases of power of ten. With increase of power of ten, the effect of the points that are farther diminishes. Lesser power distributes the weights more uniformly between neighboring points. In this method the distance between the points count, so the points of equal distance have equal weights. The advantage of IDW is that it is intuitive and efficient. This interpolation works best with evenly distributed points. Similar to the SPLINE functions, IDW is sensitive to outliers. Furthermore, unevenly distributed data clusters result in introduced errors. The results obtained in this study with the spatial database established in GIS was helpful for monitoring and managing groundwater quality and its pollution in the study area of greater Chittagong region and other neighboring districts.

Keywords: Ground water, spatial distribution, physicochemical parameters, drinking water quality, GIS, inverse distance weighing technique

Authors: Dr. Arvind Menon, Ms. Priya Raghavan

Abstract: Glacier monitoring and snow cover analysis play a crucial role in understanding climate change, water resource management, and environmental sustainability. Remote sensing offers cost-effective, repeatable, and large-scale observation capabilities that have revolutionized the study of cryospheric processes. This paper examines the role of remote sensing technologies, including optical, thermal, and microwave sensors, in detecting glacier retreat, mass balance changes, and seasonal snow cover variations. We also discuss data integration with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial analysis, case studies from the Himalayas, Alps, and Antarctic regions, and challenges such as cloud cover interference and spatial resolution limitations. The study emphasizes the importance of multi-temporal satellite datasets and advanced image processing techniques for accurate and timely glacier monitoring. The paper concludes with recommendations for integrating UAV data, AI-driven classification, and real time monitoring networks to improve snow and glacier observation systems globally.

Keywords :  Remote sensing, Glacier monitoring, Snow cover, Climate change, GIS, Cryosphere, Satellite imagery

Authors: Dr. Rohan Mehta, Ananya Sharma

Abstract: The increasing environmental degradation caused by landfill settlements poses significant threats to soil, groundwater, and air quality. Traditional monitoring approaches often fail to provide timely and spatially comprehensive insights into the extent of such degradation. Remote sensing technologies, with their capability to capture high-resolution spatial and temporal data, offer an effective alternative. This paper explores the integration of remote sensing with environmental assessment techniques to monitor degradation patterns caused by landfill settlement. The study focuses on spectral analysis, deformation detection using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR), and thermal anomaly identification through thermal infrared imaging. Case studies are discussed to highlight practical applications and the challenges of integrating satellite-based data with geotechnical field measurements. The findings suggest that remote sensing significantly enhances the early detection of landfill-related environmental hazards and supports better mitigation strategies for sustainable waste management.

Keywords : Remote sensing, landfill settlement, environmental degradation, InSAR, thermal infrared, spectral analysis.

Authors: Dr. Ananya Mehta, Mr. Rohit Sharma

Abstract: Wetlands are among the most productive and ecologically significant ecosystems, providing vital services such as water purification, biodiversity support, and climate regulation. However, rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion, and climate change have significantly degraded these habitats. Remote sensing technology, combined with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), has emerged as a powerful approach for mapping, monitoring, and managing wetlands. This paper explores various applications of remote sensing in wetland conservation and management, including habitat mapping, hydrological monitoring, vegetation health assessment, and pollution detection. Different remote sensing sensors and data analysis techniques are discussed with case studies from global and Indian contexts. The integration of multispectral, hyperspectral, and radar data has proven highly effective in identifying wetland boundaries, monitoring seasonal changes, and assessing anthropogenic impacts. The study concludes that the strategic use of satellite and UAV-based remote sensing can enable informed policy-making and sustainable wetland management strategies.

Keywords: Remote sensing, Wetland conservation, GIS, Hyperspectral imaging, UAV mapping, Habitat monitoring.

Authors: S. Gandhimathi Usha1, S.Vasuki2

Abstract: Change detection in remote sensing images provides useful information for various applications. This paper proposes a robust methodology for the analysis of multispectral imagery using Deep belief network (DBN) and Fuzzy interference system (FIS). Initially Euclidean distance and cosine angle distance features are extracted from the image. Deep learning is a robust machine learning method in which the extracted features are processed through set linear mapping and the changes are detected. However, the coarse spatial resolution indicating the intensity of modifications in class proportion instead of accounting for the change using discrete land covers classes is used in fuzzy image classification. Hence, the FIS is combined with DBN which allows defining our own rules to detect the changes accurately. It uses triangular membership function to plot the changes. The experimental results show that the proposed method enhanced the change detection by improving the performance parameters.

Keywords: Change detection, Deep belief network, fuzzy interference system, multispectral imagery.

Authors: Arvind Singh1, Aditya Singh2, Faheem Raza3, Kashif Qadeer4, Priyank Kumar Singh5

Abstract: This paper reviews various methods used for the stabilization of the soil in the past. Paper summarizes the experiments done by the various researchers. As the soil weakness is the major cause of failure or degradation of structures standing on weak soil. A stabilized soil provides good contact between the foundation and the structure. The transfer of load takes place easily if the soil is stabilized. So the stabilization of soil is required and this paper enlightens some techniques and experiments which was used in the past and were found to be correct in increasing the shear strength of soil.

Keywords: Soil Stabilization, Waste Plastic, Lime, Bitumen, Cement, Fly Ash, Shear Strength, CBR Test

Authors: Dr. Rohan Sharma, Dr. Kavita Joshi

Abstract: The integration of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with remote sensing technologies has transformed precision agriculture, enabling real-time monitoring, data-driven decision-making, and resource optimization. This paper explores the diverse applications of UAV-based remote sensing in precision agriculture, including crop health assessment, soil property analysis, irrigation management, and pest detection. The study compares various sensor types— multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal, and LiDAR—highlighting their strengths and limitations in agricultural contexts. By combining high-resolution aerial imagery with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and machine learning algorithms, UAV-based systems provide farmers with actionable insights to increase productivity, reduce input costs, and promote sustainable farming practices. A multi-sensor approach emerges as the most effective strategy for comprehensive precision agriculture monitoring.

Keywords: UAV, remote sensing, precision agriculture, multispectral, hyperspectral, GIS, crop monitoring.

Authors: Dr. Aarav Menon, Dr. Meera Nair

Abstract: Remote sensing has emerged as a critical tool in coastal erosion assessment, providing large-scale, repeatable, and precise observations of shoreline changes over time. This paper explores advanced remote sensing techniques—including multispectral, hyperspectral, LiDAR, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)—for accurate monitoring and analysis of coastal erosion processes. Emphasis is placed on integrating satellite and aerial data to improve spatial and temporal coverage, enhancing predictive models, and supporting coastal zone management. A comparative analysis of these techniques is presented, highlighting their strengths, limitations, and applications in different coastal environments. The findings suggest that a multi-sensor approach, combined with GIS analysis, offers the most robust framework for sustainable coastal monitoring.

Keywords:  Remote sensing, coastal erosion, multispectral, LiDAR, SAR, shoreline monitoring, GIS.

Authors: Dr. Kavita Sharma,Mr. Rohan Desai

Abstract: Floods remain one of the most destructive natural disasters worldwide, causing extensive economic losses, loss of life, and long-term socio-environmental impacts. The integration of satellite-based remote sensing technologies with advanced geospatial analysis has transformed flood monitoring, mapping, and early warning capabilities. This paper reviews the role of multi-sensor remote sensing data—ranging from optical to synthetic aperture radar (SAR)—in accurately detecting flood extents, mapping inundation patterns, and supporting early warning systems. Emphasis is placed on the use of near-real-time imagery, integration with hydrological models, and the benefits of cloud computing platforms in delivering rapid assessments. The discussion also addresses challenges such as cloud cover interference, spatial resolution limitations, and the need for interdisciplinary collaboration. Through an overview of case studies and technological trends, the paper underscores the potential of remote sensing based flood mapping to enhance disaster preparedness, response efficiency, and community resilience.

Keywords:  Remote sensing, flood mapping, SAR, early warning system, disaster resilience, hydrological modeling

Authors: L. Priyanka, Prof. A. Mohan

Abstract: The present paper deals with the evaluation of the mechanical properties of black cotton soil mixed with mill scale in varying proportions and comparing the same with the results of pure black cotton soil. The mechanical properties of mill scale and black cotton soil are individually determined first and then the two are combined in varying proportions. The properties like OMC and MDD, Un confined Compressive Strength, and CBR are evaluated in different percentages of Mill scale varying from 3% to 21% with an interval of 3% i.e. 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, 15%, 18%, 21%. Added to dry weight of soil It is found that mixing mill scale in varying proportions increases the Bearing Capacity of the soil, strength characteristics.

Keywords : Black cotton soil, Mill Scale, UCC,CBR.

Authors: Dr. G. Srinivasa Reddy, P. Ashok

Abstract: Soil improvement is one of the basic requirements for the preparing in situ soils for the appropriate strengthening, stiffness, and stability in civil engineering designs and applications. The modification technique, which involves mechanical, thermal and chemical components, requires monitoring techniques to determine its efficiency and suitability. This study examines the geotechnical improvement of properties of clay soils using the lime column technique on a laboratory scale model. The clay-lime physicochemical reactions resulting from cat ion exchange were examined through basic experimental analyses. Remolded compacted clay soil blocks were carefully prepared in rectangular test tank with lime columns installed in them. The treated soil block properties were then investigated as a function of lime column at different curing periods. The curing periods are 28, 60, 90 and 120days etc…It was observed that there are significant changes in the atterberg limits, shrinkage, compaction characteristics, and strength of the treated soils due to the clay-lime reactions. The results indicate that these reactions have remarkable effects on the lime column treated soil and produced strong interpartical bonds and unconfined compressive strength of the soil. This is attributed to the migration of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from the lime columns into the soil, flocculation of particles, and pozzolanic reactions. The significant shear strength values suggest that their correlative changes can be used as monitoring technique to determine the improvement in geotechnical properties of chemically treated soil.

Keywords : Soil, lime columns, physicochemical reactions, Atterberg, limits, OMC and MDD, UCC value. 

Authors : Dr. Ramesh Kulkarni, Ms. Shweta Deshmukh

Abstract : The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in remote sensing has transformed the capabilities of environmental monitoring, enabling real-time analysis and decision-making. AI techniques such as deep learning, machine learning, and computer vision enhance the extraction of meaningful information from satellite imagery, aerial photography, and UAV data. These advancements are particularly valuable for applications including disaster management, pollution tracking, climate change assessment, and biodiversity conservation. This paper discusses the framework, technological advancements, and challenges associated with AI-powered remote sensing for real-time environmental monitoring. Furthermore, case studies are presented to highlight the effectiveness of AI in handling complex environmental datasets and producing actionable insights.

Keywords : Artificial Intelligence, Remote Sensing, Environmental Monitoring, Real-Time Analysis, Deep Learning, Climate Change

Author : Ankita Agarwal

Abstract : Geohazards pose significant threats to communities and infrastructure worldwide, necessitating effective assessment and management strategies. Remote sensing technologies have emerged as invaluable tools for identifying, mapping, and monitoring various geohazards, including landslides, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and sinkholes. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the applications of remote sensing in geohazard assessment and risk management. It discusses the principles behind remote sensing techniques and explores their utilization in detecting and monitoring different types of geohazards. Furthermore, the paper examines how remote sensing data can be integrated with geographical information systems (GIS) to enhance geohazard risk assessment and management. Case studies highlighting successful applications of remote sensing in geohazard analysis are presented, along with discussions on challenges and future directions in the field. Overall, this paper emphasizes the critical role of remote sensing in enhancing our understanding of geohazards and facilitating proactive measures to mitigate their impact.

Keywords : Remote sensing, Geohazards, Risk management, Landslides, Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Sinkholes, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Authors : Dr. Raghav Sharma, Ms. Kavita Menon

Abstract : The integration of remote sensing and geotechnical data is emerging as a powerful approach for enhancing disaster risk management (DRM) strategies. Remote sensing technologies offer timely, large-scale, and cost-effective observations, while geotechnical data provide crucial insights into the mechanical and physical behavior of soils and rocks. This paper explores how combining these datasets improves hazard assessment, early warning systems, and resilience planning for disasters such as landslides, earthquakes, and floods. Case studies are discussed to illustrate the practical implications of the integration, and a framework is proposed for effective data fusion, enabling more accurate predictions and mitigation strategies. Keywords: Remote Sensing, Geotechnical Data, Disaster Risk Management, Landslides, Flood Monitoring, Data Integration strategies.

Keywords : Remote Sensing, Geotechnical Data, Disaster Risk Management, Landslides, Flood Monitoring, Data Integration

Authors : Prof. Neha Bansal, Vikram Deshmukh

Abstract : Expansive soils pose significant challenges in geotechnical engineering due to their tendency to undergo large volume changes with moisture variations. Early and accurate detection of expansive soils is essential to prevent structural failures and reduce maintenance costs. Hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) offers a non-invasive, high-resolution approach to identify expansive soil characteristics based on their unique spectral signatures. This paper explores the principles of hyperspectral sensing, data acquisition platforms, and analysis methods for expansive soil detection. It discusses laboratory spectral analysis, field validation, and satellite-based hyperspectral imaging for mapping clay mineral content. Key challenges such as spectral mixing, atmospheric interference, and calibration requirements are addressed, along with strategies for integrating HRS data with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and geotechnical field surveys. The paper emphasizes how hyperspectral imaging can revolutionize soil classification and hazard assessment in infrastructure planning.

Keywords : Hyperspectral remote sensing, Expansive soils, Clay minerals, Geotechnical hazards, Soil classification, Spectral analysis, GIS integration

Authors : Dr. Ananya Mehta, Dr. Raghav Sharma

Abstract : Climate change presents unprecedented challenges for environmental sustainability, ecosystem stability, and socio-economic development. Multi-temporal remote sensing data offers a robust approach to assessing the impacts of climate change through the continuous monitoring of land, water, and atmospheric variables over time. By integrating satellite-based observations with geospatial analysis, scientists can identify long-term trends in temperature variation, vegetation health, glacier retreat, sea-level rise, and urban heat dynamics. This paper examines the application of multi-temporal remote sensing in climate change impact assessment, discussing key datasets, analytical methods, case studies, and the integration of remote sensing with predictive climate models. The analysis highlights how spatially explicit and time-series data can support early warning systems, adaptive resource management, and policy development to mitigate climate-related risks.

Keywords : Multi-temporal remote sensing, climate change, impact assessment, geospatial analysis, land surface temperature, vegetation dynamics, environmental monitoring.

Authors : Dr. Ananya Mehta, Er. Rahul Singh

Abstract : Urban growth significantly influences both land use patterns and soil quality. Accurate assessment of these changes is critical for sustainable planning. This paper explores the integration of multi-sensor remote sensing data for simultaneous urban land use classification and soil quality monitoring. By combining high-resolution optical imagery, hyperspectral data, and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), the study achieves improved accuracy in detecting built up areas, vegetation cover, and soil degradation indicators. Techniques such as supervised classification, spectral unmixing, and backscatter analysis are discussed. A case study of Jaipur City demonstrates the potential of this approach to guide urban planners, environmental agencies, and policy makers. The findings highlight that multi-sensor fusion offers a cost-effective and reliable solution for large-scale, periodic monitoring of urban environments.

Keywords : Multi-sensor remote sensing, Urban land use, Soil quality assessment, SAR, Hyperspectral imaging

Authors : Dr. Ananya Sharm, Rahul Verma

Abstract : Land subsidence in mining areas is a critical geo-environmental hazard that can severely impact infrastructure, ecosystems, and human settlements. It is primarily caused by underground void formation due to mineral extraction, leading to gradual or sudden sinking of the ground surface. Remote sensing techniques, especially Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), LiDAR, and optical imagery analysis, have emerged as cost-effective, large-scale, and repeatable tools for mapping and monitoring subsidence. This paper discusses the principles, methodologies, and practical applications of these remote sensing techniques in mining regions, with specific reference to case studies from India and abroad. It also highlights the integration of remote sensing outputs into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for spatial risk assessment, and outlines the advantages and limitations of each method. By synthesizing recent advancements and field applications, the paper emphasizes a multi-sensor, hybrid approach to achieve precise and sustainable subsidence monitoring in mining zones.

Keywords : Land subsidence, Mining areas, Remote sensing, InSAR, LiDAR, GIS mapping, Deformation monitoring

Authors : Dr. Ananya Mehra, Rahul Singh

Abstract : Landslides are among the most destructive natural hazards, causing significant loss of life, infrastructure damage, and environmental degradation. Accurate landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) is essential for risk mitigation and planning. This paper discusses the integration of remote sensing techniques and geotechnical data to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of LHZ mapping. Remote sensing provides spatially continuous and multi-temporal datasets, while geotechnical data offers in-depth insight into soil strength, slope stability, and subsurface conditions. The combined approach facilitates the creation of detailed hazard maps that can be used by policymakers, engineers, and planners. This paper explores data acquisition methods, integration techniques, analytical models, and real-world case studies, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration for effective landslide hazard management.

Keywords : Remote Sensing, Geotechnical Data, Landslide Hazard Zonation, GIS, Risk Mitigation, Slope Stability, Disaster Management

Authors : Dr. Aarav Mehta, Ms. Riya Sharma

Abstract : The assessment of groundwater potential zones is essential for sustainable water resource management, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. This study focuses on the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques to map groundwater potential zones. Various thematic layers including geology, geomorphology, soil, slope, land use/land cover, rainfall, and drainage density were generated using satellite imagery and field data. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) was applied using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assign weights to each parameter. The resulting potential zone map classifies the region into high, moderate, and low groundwater potential areas. The findings highlight the efficiency of GIS-RS integration in providing spatially accurate, cost-effective, and timely solutions for groundwater resource planning.

Keywords : GIS, Remote Sensing, Groundwater Potential, Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis, AHP, Thematic Layers, Water Resource Management

Authors : Dr. Meera Joshi, Arjun Desai

Abstract : Earthquake-induced landslides are among the most devastating secondary hazards triggered by seismic events, often resulting in widespread damage to infrastructure, loss of life, and long-term environmental impacts. Rapid, accurate, and large-scale mapping of such landslides is critical for effective disaster response and risk reduction. Remote sensing technologies—including optical imagery, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and LiDAR—have emerged as indispensable tools in post-earthquake landslide detection and analysis. This paper explores the principles, methodologies, and integration of these techniques, supported by case studies from recent major earthquakes such as the 2015 Nepal Gorkha earthquake and the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. The study highlights the role of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in combining multi source data for susceptibility mapping, hazard assessment, and recovery planning. Furthermore, it evaluates the advantages and limitations of each remote sensing method, underscoring the need for hybrid approaches and automated detection algorithms to meet the growing demands of disaster management in seismically active regions.

Keywords:  Earthquake-induced landslides, Remote sensing, SAR, LiDAR, Optical imagery, GIS mapping, Hazard assessment

Author: Dr. Kavita R. Nair, Aditya Verma

Abstract: The rapid expansion of infrastructure demands accurate, efficient, and cost effective site investigation methods. Remote sensing technologies provide a unique advantage by enabling large-scale, multi-temporal data acquisition without extensive ground disturbance. This paper explores how remote sensing can be effectively utilized in site investigation for infrastructure development, including terrain analysis, geological mapping, hydrological assessment, and land use classification. Technologies such as optical imagery, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), LiDAR, and thermal remote sensing are discussed in terms of their suitability for different phases of site selection and feasibility studies. The integration of remote sensing with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and ground-based surveys enhances decision-making, reduces risks, and ensures sustainable development. Challenges and future directions for incorporating remote sensing in infrastructure planning are also presented.

Keywords:  Remote sensing, Site investigation, Infrastructure development, SAR, LiDAR, GIS integration, Terrain analysis, Land use mapping

Author:  Dr. Ananya Mehta, Mr. Rohan Kapoor

Abstract: Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) represent a significant environmental concern in modern cities, where anthropogenic activities and reduced vegetation contribute to elevated surface and atmospheric temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas. Thermal remote sensing provides an efficient, large-scale, and repeatable approach to monitor, quantify, and analyze UHI effects using satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) data. This paper examines the application of thermal remote sensing in detecting and mapping UHIs, highlights methodologies for data acquisition and processing, and discusses case studies demonstrating the relationship between LST patterns, urban morphology, and land use changes. Key thermal sensors, such as Landsat Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), MODIS, and ECOSTRESS, are reviewed for their suitability in UHI monitoring. Additionally, the integration of remote sensing data with geographic information systems (GIS) is explored to provide spatially explicit insights for urban climate adaptation strategies.

Keywords: Urban Heat Island, Thermal Remote Sensing, Land Surface Temperature, Satellite Data, Urban Climate, MODIS, Landsat, GIS.

Author: Dr. Ananya Mehta,Rahul Deshpande

Abstract: The rapid degradation of coastal infrastructure due to climate change, sea level rise, storm surges, and increasing frequency of extreme weather events has created an urgent demand for innovative monitoring and resilience strategies. Remote sensing technologies, combined with geotechnical engineering approaches, provide an integrated solution for assessing, monitoring, and mitigating the risks to coastal structures. Satellite imagery, LiDAR surveys, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) enable large-scale and high-resolution mapping of coastline changes, infrastructure deformation, and sediment transport. These datasets, when coupled with geotechnical models, assist in predicting foundation stability, shoreline retreat, and infrastructure vulnerability. This paper examines the synergy between remote sensing and geotechnical approaches for building resilient coastal infrastructure. It highlights applications, methodologies, case studies, and challenges, with a focus on proactive resilience planning

Keywords: Coastal infrastructure, remote sensing, geotechnical engineering, resilience, SAR, LiDAR, UAV, shoreline monitoring

Author: Shawn EU, Irene Chong

Abstract: Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to on site observation. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including geography and most Earth Science disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology, oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military, intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and humanitarian applications. In this paper we will discuss the applications of remote sensing and also how remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of dangerous or inaccessible areas.

Keywords:  Remote Sensing, Remote Sensing Applications,

Authors: Shivaprasad H, Dr. N T Manjunath, Dr. D P Nagarajappa, N T Shanmukha

Abstract:In the 20th Century, the information and communication revolution has brought enormous changes in the way we organize our lives, our economies, industries and institutions. These spectacular developments in modern times have undoubtedly enhanced the quality of our lives. The use of electronic devices for both business and personal use has increased dramatically in recent years. These electronic devices include computers (including printers and monitors), TVs, VCRs, DVD players, and cellular phones. At the same time, the lifespan of these items are reducing due to growing demand for enhanced features and performance. Moreover, uses of these devices have led to many problems, such as the massive amount of hazardous and other waste generated from electric products. These wastes pose a great threat to the human health and environment. The issue of proper management of wastes, therefore, is critical to the protection of our livelihood, health and environment. It constitutes a serious challenge to the modern societies and requires coordinated efforts to address it for achieving sustainable development.

Keywords : Electric Devices, Hazardous Waste, Electric Product, Sustainable Development.