Authors: K. Ravichandran , P. Nithya
Abstract: Embedded systems increasingly rely on mixed-signal circuits that integrate analog and digital components on a single chip or module. These circuits form the interface between the physical world and digital processing units by enabling signal acquisition, conditioning, conversion, and control. The design of mixed-signal circuits presents unique challenges due to the interaction between continuous-time analog blocks and discrete-time digital logic. Issues such as noise coupling, power management, clock interference, and process variations significantly affect performance and reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of mixed-signal circuit design for embedded systems. Key building blocks, design methodologies, noise mitigation techniques, and testing considerations are discussed. Tables and two-dimensional figures are included to enhance clarity. The paper aims to serve as a structured reference for students, researchers, and engineers working in the field of embedded and mixed-signal system design.
Keywords: Mixed-signal circuits, embedded systems, analog-digital integration, ADC, DAC, noise coupling, system-on-chip
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