ABSTRACT
Item analysis is a fundamental process in educational testing that ensures the quality, fairness, and effectiveness of test items. It involves statistical and qualitative techniques used to evaluate individual test questions based on their performance among examinees. This paper explores the theoretical foundations, procedures, and applications of item analysis in educational testing. It highlights key indices such as difficulty index, discrimination index, and distractor efficiency, along with modern approaches like Item Response Theory (IRT). The study also discusses the role of item analysis in improving reliability, validity, and overall test quality. Challenges, ethical concerns, and technological advancements in item analysis are examined to provide a comprehensive understanding of its significance in contemporary education.
KEYWORDS: Item Analysis, Educational Testing, Difficulty Index, Discrimination Index, Reliability, Validity
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