Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms and Global Challenges in Modern Healthcare

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has emerged as one of the most significant global health threats of the 21st century. The rapid evolution of resistant microorganisms, driven by misuse and overuse of antibiotics, has rendered many conventional treatments ineffective. This paper explores the molecular mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance, including enzymatic degradation, target modification, and efflux systems. It also highlights the global challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance (AMR), including increased morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Strategies for combating resistance, including stewardship programs and novel drug development, are also discussed. Understanding the mechanisms and impact of antibiotic resistance is essential for developing effective interventions and safeguarding future healthcare systems.

KEYWORDS: Antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial resistance, drug resistance, efflux pumps, global health, pathogens