Green Roofs and Vertical Gardens in Urban Spaces

Abstract

Urbanisation has intensified issues such as reduced green cover, rising temperatures, deteriorating air quality, and increased stormwater runoff. Green roofs and vertical gardens have emerged as sustainable design strategies capable of mitigating these challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of their environmental, architectural, and socio-economic benefits, along with materials, structural considerations, installation techniques, and maintenance factors. Additionally, current global case studies and future opportunities are discussed. The review highlights how integrating vegetation within built environments can support climate resilience, improve human wellbeing, and contribute to more sustainable and liveable cities.