Protein Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery

Abstract

Protein-based nanoparticles (PNPs) have emerged as a promising platform for targeted and controlled drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functional versatility. Unlike synthetic polymers, proteins such as albumin, gelatin, and ferritin offer natural binding sites, intrinsic bioactivity, and modifiable surface chemistry, making them highly suitable for therapeutic applications. This review provides a comprehensive overview of protein nanoparticles in drug delivery, covering their preparation techniques, characterization methods, functionalization strategies, therapeutic applications, and clinical translation challenges. The review also highlights recent advances in surface modification, targeting strategies, and stimuliresponsive PNPs for site-specific drug release. Additionally, analytical challenges and future perspectives in protein nanoparticle-based drug delivery are discussed. This synthesis aims to provide researchers and clinicians with insights into the potential of protein nanoparticles to improve therapeutic efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity.

KEYWORDS: Protein nanoparticles, drug delivery, albumin nanoparticles, gelatin nanoparticles, targeted delivery, stimuli-responsive nanoparticles, biocompatibility.