Pharmacokinetics (ADME) and Bioavailability of Key Ayurvedic Actives from Classical Formulations and Novel Carriers: An Integrated Approach towards Scientific Validation and Therapeutic Efficacy

Abstract

Ayurveda, the ancient Indian system of medicine, relies heavily on herbal formulations and polyherbal combinations. The therapeutic potential of Ayurvedic actives is well documented; however, their clinical translation often faces limitations due to poor pharmacokinetic profiles, low solubility, instability, and poor oral bioavailability. The pharmacokinetic aspects—Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME)—are critical in determining therapeutic success. Modern analytical approaches have begun to unravel the complexities of Ayurvedic actives like curcumin, piperine, withanolides, and boswellic acids. Classical formulations such as Chyawanprash, Triphala, and Dashmool combine synergistic herbs to enhance bioavailability, while novel delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, phytosomes, and nanoemulsions are being developed to overcome pharmacokinetic limitations. This paper critically reviews pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of key Ayurvedic actives, highlighting the integration of traditional knowledge with modern drug delivery strategies to enhance therapeutic outcomes.

KEYWORDS: Pharmacokinetics, ADME, Ayurveda, Bioavailability, Herbal actives, Classical formulations, Novel carriers, Nanotechnology