Electric Vehicle (EV) Battery Management Systems: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

ABSTRACT The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased the importance of efficient and reliable Battery Management Systems (BMS). BMS are critical for monitoring, controlling, and protecting the lithium-ion batteries that power EVs, ensuring safety, longevity, and optimal performance. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV Battery Management Systems, discussing their architecture, key functionalities, state estimation techniques, thermal management strategies, and emerging AI/ML-based approaches. Additionally, it highlights the challenges faced by current systems and explores future directions for intelligent and scalable BMS solutions. The review incorporates tables and figures to illustrate concepts and provides a holistic understanding suitable for researchers, engineers, and industry practitioners.

KEYWORDS: Electric Vehicles (EVs), Battery Management System (BMS), State of Charge (SOC), State of Health (SOH), Lithium-ion Batteries, Thermal Management, Artificial Intelligence