Evaluation of Pharmacological Interventions in Acetaminophen Induced Toxicity: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Outlook

Abstract

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic agent, generally regarded as safe at therapeutic doses. However, overdose or prolonged use can lead to severe hepatotoxicity, often resulting in acute liver failure. This critical review evaluates the current pharmacological interventions for acetaminophen-induced toxicity, focusing on the underlying mechanisms of liver injury and the therapeutic outlook of existing and emerging treatments. Emphasis is placed on the effectiveness and limitations of antidotes such as N-acetylcysteine, novel antioxidant therapies, and supportive measures aimed at mitigating oxidative stress and promoting hepatic regeneration. The review also highlights challenges related to early diagnosis, therapeutic timing, and potential future directions in targeted therapy.

Keywords: Acetaminophen toxicity, hepatotoxicity, N-acetylcysteine, oxidative stress, pharmacological interventions